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Balasubramaniam, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Balasubramaniam, R..

At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2000

Statistical 3D 'Atomistic' Simulation of Decanano MOSFETs

A 3D statistical 'atomistic' simulation technique has been developed to study the effect of the random dopant induced parameter fluctuations in aggressively scaled MOSFETs. Efficient implementation of the 'atomistic' simulation approach has been used to investigate the threshold voltage standard deviation and lowering in the case of uniformly doped MOSFETs, and in fluctuation-resistant architectures utilising epitaxial-layers and delta-doping. The effect of the random doping in the polysilicon gate on the threshold voltage fluctuations has also been thoroughly investigated. The influence of a single-charge trapping on the channel conductivity in decanano MOSFETs is studied in the 'atomistic' framework as well. Quantum effects are taken into consideration in our 'atomistic' simulations using the density gradient formalism.

Asenov, Asen↗
NASA NTRS1999

Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops

Experiments were performed aboard the LMS mission of the Space Shuttle in summer 1996 in the BDPU on isolated air bubbles and Fluorinert FC-75 drops as well as on interacting bubbles/drops migrating in a temperature gradient in a Dow-Corning DC-200 series silicone oil of nominal viscosity 10 centistokes. The data, recorded in the form of videotape images as well as cine images in selected runs, have been analyzed. The behavior of the isolated objects is consistent with earlier observations made aboard the IML-2 mission while the range of Reynolds and Marangoni numbers has been extended substantially over that in the IML-2 experiments. Large bubbles were found to be slightly deformed to an oblate shape while no deformation could be detected in the case of similarly large drops. Results on interacting drops and bubbles display interesting and unanticipated features. In some experiments, drops are found to follow a three-dimensional trajectory. In others, trailing drops and bubbles are found to move off the axis of the cell when migrating behind a leading drop or bubble which moves along the axis. In this type of run, if the trailing drop is sufficiently large, it is found to pass the leading drop. Finally, behavior similar to that observed in IML-2, namely that a small leading drop slows the movement of a larger trailing drop moving along the cell axis, was observed as well.

Subramaniam, R. Shankar↗
NASA NTRS1999

Numerical Simulation of Thermocapillary Drop Motion with Internal Circulation

The thermocapillary motion of drops in zero gravity is analyzed numerically. When convective transport is important, the internal circulation in the drop has a profound effect on the temperature distribution in its vicinity and hence on its migration speed. For sufficiently large values of the Marangoni number number Ma, for steady motion of the drop, the temperature difference on the drop surface and its scaled speed increase with Ma. This is in contrast to (1) existing computational results for liquid drops whose scaled speed decreases with Ma and (2) asymptotic results for gas bubbles whose scaled speed is independent of Ma when it is large.

Ma, Xiangjiang↗
NASA NTRS1996

Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops

When a drop or bubble is placed in another fluid and subjected to the action of a temperature gradient, the drop will move. Such motion is a direct consequence of the variation of interfacial tension with temperature, and is termed thermocapillary migration. This paper discusses results from experiments conducted in reduced gravity on the thermocapillary motion of bubbles and drops.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Thermocapillary Bubble Migration: Thermal Boundary Layers for Large Marangoni Numbers

The migration of an isolated gas bubble in an immiscible liquid possessing a temperature gradient is analyzed in the absence of gravity. The driving force for the bubble motion is the shear stress at the interface which is a consequence of the temperature dependence of the surface tension. The analysis is performed under conditions for which the Marangoni number is large, i.e. energy is transferred predominantly by convection. Velocity fields in the limit of both small and large Reynolds numbers are used. The thermal problem is treated by standard boundary layer theory. The outer temperature field is obtained in the vicinity of the bubble. A similarity solution is obtained for the inner temperature field. For both small and large Reynolds numbers, the asymptotic values of the scaled migration velocity of the bubble in the limit of large Marangoni numbers are calculated. The results show that the migration velocity has the same scaling for both low and large Reynolds numbers, but with a different coefficient. Higher order thermal boundary layers are analyzed for the large Reynolds number flow field and the higher order corrections to the migration velocity are obtained. Results are also presented for the momentum boundary layer and the thermal wake behind the bubble, for large Reynolds number conditions.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
NASA NTRS1995

More About Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Liquids

Report presents additional discussion of technique for measuring interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids. Technique described in "Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Immiscible Liquids" (LEW-15855).

Rashidnia, Nasser↗
NASA NTRS1995

Measuring Interfacial Tension Between Immiscible Liquids

Glass capillary tube technique measures interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids. Yields useful data over fairly wide range of interfacial tensions, both for pairs of liquids having equal densities and pairs of liquids having unequal densities. Data on interfacial tensions important in diverse industrial chemical applications, including enhanced extraction of oil; printing; processing foods; and manufacture of paper, emulsions, foams, aerosols, detergents, gel encapsulants, coating materials, fertilizers, pesticides, and cosmetics.

Rashidnia, Nasser↗
NASA NTRS1992

Interfacial tension measurement of immiscible liq uids using a capillary tube

The interfacial tension of immiscible liquids is an important thermophysical property that is useful in the behavior of liquids both in microgravity (Martinez et al. (1987) and Karri and Mathur (1988)) and in enhanced oil recovery processes under normal gravity (Slattery (1974)). Many techniques are available for its measurement, such as the ring method, drop weight method, spinning drop method, and capillary height method (Adamson (1960) and Miller and Neogi (1985)). Karri and Mathur mention that many of the techniques use equations that contain a density difference term and are inappropriate for equal density liquids. They reported a new method that is suitable for both equal and unequal density liquids. In their method, a capillary tube forms one of the legs of a U-tube. The interfacial tension is related to the heights of the liquids in the cups of the U-tube above the interface in the capillary. Our interest in this area arose from a need to measure small interfacial tension (around 1 mN/m) for a vegetable oil/silicon oil system that was used in a thermocapillary drop migration experiment (Rashidnia and Balasubramaniam (1991)). In our attempts to duplicate the method proposed by Karri and Mathur, we found it quite difficult to anchor the interface inside the capillary tube; small differences of the liquid heights in the cups drove the interface out of the capillary. We present an alternative method using a capillary tube to measure the interfacial tensions of liquids of equal or unequal density. The method is based on the combined capillary rises of both liquids in the tube.

Rashidnia, N.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Unsteady Thermocapillary Migration of Isolated Drops in Creeping Flow

The problem of an isolated immiscible drop that slowly migrates due to unsteady thermocapillary stresses is considered. All physical properties except for interfacial tension are assumed constant for the two Newtonian fluids. Explicit expressions are found for the migration rate and stream functions in the Laplace domain. The resulting microgravity theory is useful, e.g., in predicting the distance a drop will migrate due to an impulsive interfacial temperature gradient as well as the time required to attain steady flow conditions from an initially resting state.

Dill, Loren H.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Thermocapillary Bubble Migration - An Oseen-Like Analysis of the Energy Equation

The thermocapillary migration of a bubble in a liquid possessing a temperature gradient is analyzed in the limit of large Reynolds and Marangoni numbers. Crespo and Manuel (1983) performed an analysis in this limit wherein energy conduction is completely neglected and obtained the bubble migration velocity using energy dissipation arguments. In the present analysis, performed in a coordinate system moving with the bubble, the velocity field in the convection term in the energy equation is approximated in an Oseen-like manner by replacing it with the velocity field far away from the bubble (i.e., the migration velocity of the bubble). Conduction is retained to satisfy the zero conductive heat flux boundary condition on the bubble surface. An approximate solution has been obtained for the Oseen-like energy equation. The bubble velocity obtained using energy dissipation considerations is in agreement with the result of Crespo and Manuel. The solution shows the thermal boundary layer and wake structure in the vicinity of the bubble. The Oseen-like analysis, however, has inherent limitations, as the flow penetrates the bubble surface. These issues are discussed and the result are compared to those in the literature.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Thermocapillary migration of liquid droplets in a temperature gradient in a density matched system

An experimental investigation of thermocapillary flow in droplets of a vegetable oil (partially hydrogenated soybean oil) immersed in silicone oil was conducted in a test cell with a heated top wall and a cooled bottom wall. The liquids are nearly immiscible and have equal densities at a temperature below the room temperature, thus providing a simulation of low-gravity conditions by reducing the buoyancy forces. The interfacial tension between the two oils was measured in the temperature range 20 to 50 C using a capillary tube and (d sigma)/(d T) was determined to be negative. Droplets ranging in sizes from 3 mm to 1 cm diameter were injected into the silicone oil. The vertical temperature profile in the bulk liquid (silicone oil) produces temperature variations along the interface which induce variations in the interfacial tension. The flow inside the droplet driven by the resulting interfacial shear stresses was observed using a laser light-sheet flow visualization technique. The flow direction is consistent with the sign of (d sigma)/(d T). The observed maximum surface velocities are compared to the theoretical predictions of Young et al. (1959).

Rashidnia, N.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A comparative flow visualization study of thermocapillary flow in drops in liquid-liquid systems

Experiments are performed to visualize thermocapillary flow in drops in an immiscible host liquid. The host liquid used is silicone oil. Drops of three different liquids are used, viz, vegetable oil, water-methanol mixture anad pure methanol. Clear evidence of thermocapillary flow is seen in vegetable oil drops. For a mixture of water and methanol (approximately 50-50 by weight), natural convection is seen to dominate the flow outside the drop. Pure methanol drops exhibit thermocapillary flow, but dissolve in silicone oil. A small amount of water added to pure methanol significantly reduces the dissolution. Flow oscillations occur in this system for both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The migration of a compound drop due to thermocapillarity

The quasistatic thermocapillary motion of a compound drop in an unbounded fluid possessing a uniform temperature gradient is analyzed. For completeness, gravitational effects are included in the treatment. The general model is formulated, and the equations for the concentric case are solved using spherical polar coordinates, while the eccentric case is handled using bispherical coordinates. Results are given for the velocity of the drop as well as that of the droplet with respect to the drop, along with useful approximations. Illustrative results are presented graphically for the thermocapillary migration of a compound drop in the special case when the droplet is a gas bubble. In addition to the velocities of the drop and the bubble, representative isotherms and streamlines also are presented which display interesting qualitative features.

Morton, David S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Thermocapillary migration of liquid droplets in a temperature gradient in a density matched system

An experimental investigation of thermocapillary flow in droplets of a vegetable oil (partially hydrogenated soybean oil) immersed in silicone oil was conducted in a test cell with a heated top wall and a cooled bottom wall. The liquids are nearly immiscible and have equal densities at a temperature below the room temperature, thus providing a simulation of low-gravity conditions by reducing the buoyancy forces. The interfacial tension between the two oils was measured in the temperature range 20 to 50 C using a capillary tube and (d sigma)/(d T) was determined to be negative. Droplets ranging in sizes from 3 mm to 1 cm diameter were injected into the silicone oil. The vertical temperature profile in the bulk liquid (silicone oil) produces temperature variations along the interface which induce variations in the interfacial tension. The flow inside the droplet driven by the resulting interfacial shear stresses was observed using a laser light-sheet flow visualization technique. The flow direction is consistent with the sign of (d sigma)/(d T). The observed maximum surface velocities are compared to the theoretical predictions of Young et al. (1959).

Rashidnia, N.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Numerical simulation of thermocapillary bubble migration under microgravity for large Reynolds and Marangoni numbers

A numerical procedure in which the Navier-Stokes equations are discretized using tightly coupled discretizations of pressure derivatives and continuity equations is used here to extend the range of known terminal velocities of gaseous bubbles in liquids well beyond that in previous investigations. Computations performed for Reynolds numbers up to 2000 and Marangoni numbers up to 1000 show only a modest variation of the scaled bubble velocity between 0.16 and 0.5. The bubble velocity is influenced more by the Marangoni number than by the Reynolds number.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Thermocapillary migration of a large gas slug in a tube

The steady-state motion exhibited by a large gas slug that is contained in a liquid-filled tube and subjected to a linear temperature variation is analyzed, taking the thermally-induced gradient of the gas-liquid surface tension into account. An expression which characterizes the terminal velocity of the gas slug has been derived.

Hasan, M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Electrohydrodynamic migration of charged droplets in an insulating fluid

The motion of charged, conducting droplets present in an insulating fluid medium is analyzed under the action of an electric field, in microgravity. Previous analyses of this problem have considered the Maxwell stresses as the only driving force. In the present study, arguments from macroscopic thermodynamics and the molecular theory of surface tension are used to show that the surface tension gradients can be induced due to the variation of the electric potential on the interface. In the limit of Reynolds numbers small compared to unity, the terminal velocity of migration of the droplet is calculated under the combined action of the Maxwell stresses and the surface tension gradients. The results show that there are no surface tension gradients (i.e., no electric potential variation at the interface) in a case that is due to the convection of the surface charges, surface tension gradients do exist and tend to reduce the terminal velocity of the droplet. The shape of the droplet altered by the motion was also calculated, when the deformations from the spherical shape are small.

Balasubramaniam, R.↗