Cross sectional association of arsenic and seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection in the United States (NHANES 2003–2014)
Highlights: • Serology tests discern between hepatitis B infections and hepatitis B vaccinations. • Urinary arsenic concentrations are used as a biomarker of recent exposure. • Arsenic biomarkers were linked to serology indicative of hepatitis B infection. Arsenic alters immunological parameters including antibody formation and antigen-driven T-cell proliferation.