Nanophase Separation in Organic Solar Cells
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Chen, Wei↗
Engineering topics
Dadmun, Mark D
Publications and source records attributed to Dadmun, Mark D.
The Role of Fullerene Mixing Behavior in the Performance of Organic Rhotovoltaics: PCBM in Low-Bandgap Polymers.
This manuscript reports the mixing behavior, interdiffusion, and depth profile of 1-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl]-1-phenyl-[6,6]C 61 (PCBM):low-bandgap (LBG) polymer thin fi lms that are formed by thermally annealing initial bilayers. The extent of mixing of PCBM is higher in polymers that include the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) unit than in polymers that incorporate the 2,1,3-benzooxadiazole (BO) unit. This difference is ascribed to the enhanced mixing behavior of PCBM with the benzothiadiazole functionality than with benzooxadiazole functionality, which is attributed to preferred intermolecular interactions. The increased polymer/fullerene mixing is found to be crucial for optimal device performance. A decrease of polymer/fullerene mixing reduces the donor/acceptor interface, which lowers the probability of exciton dissociation and charge generation. Moreover, low PCBM mixing provides limited pathways for electron transport out of a miscible region, due to long distances between adjacent PCBM in such a miscible phase. This inhibits electron transport and increases the recombination of free charge carriers, resulting in a decrease in short circuit current and device performance. These results further exemplify the importance of the thermodynamic mixing behavior of the polymer:fullerene pair in designing next-generation conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications, as this controls the fi nal morphology of the OPV active layer.
Chen, Huipeng↗
Tuning the Morphology and Performance of Low Bandgap Polymer: Fullerene Heterojunctions via Solvent Annealing in Selective Solvents
Low bandgap polymer (LBG):fullerene mixtures are some of the most promising organic photovoltaic active layers. Unfortunately, there are no post-deposition treatments available to rationally improve the morphology and performance of as-cast LBG:fullerene OPV active layers, where thermal annealing usually fails. Therefore, there is a glaring need to develop postdeposition methods to guide the morphology of LBG:fullerene bulk heterojunctions towards targeted structures and performance. In this paper, the structural evolution of PCPDTBT:PCBM mixtures with solvent annealing (SA) is examined, focusing on the effect of solvent quality of the fullerene and polymer in the annealing vapor on morphological evolution and device performance. The results indicate that exposure of this active layer to the solvent vapor controls the ordering of PCPDTBT and PCBM phase separation very effectively, presumably by inducing component mobility as the solvent plasticizes the mixture. These results also unexpectedly indicate that solvent annealing in a selective solvent provides a method to invert the morphology of the LBG:fullerene mixture from a polymer aggregate dispersed in a polymer:fullerene matrix to fullerene aggregates dispersed in a polymer:fullerene matrix. The judicious choice of solvent vapor, therefore, provides a unique method to exquisitely control and optimize the morphology of LBG conjugated polymer/fullerene mixtures.
Chen, Huipeng↗
The Impact of Fullerene Structure on Its Miscibility with P3HT and Its Correlation of Performance in Organic Photovoltaics
Neutron reflectivity experiments are utilized to obtain the miscibility limit of four different fullerenes, bis-PCBM, ICBA, thio-PCBM, and PC70BM, in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The intermixing of P3HT and fullerene bilayers is monitored by neutron reflectivity before and after thermal annealing, providing quantification of the miscibility and interdiffusion of the fullerene within P3HT. These results indicate that the miscibility limit of these fullerenes in P3HT ranges from 11% to 26%, where the bis-adduct fullerenes exhibit lower miscibility in P3HT, which is also verified by small angle neutron scatting (SANS). The in-plane morphology of the P3HT:fullerene mixtures was also examined by SANS, which shows a decrease in domain size and an increase in the specific interfacial area between the fullerene and the polymer with the bis-fullerenes. Correlation of miscibility and morphology to device performance indicates that polymer/ fullerene miscibility is crucial to rationally optimize the design of fullerenes for use in organic photovoltaics. Bis-PCBM has a higher open circuit voltage (Voc) than PC60BM with P3HT; however, device performance of bis-PCBM based devices is lower than that of PC60BM based devices. This decrease in performance is attributed to the lower miscibility of bis-PCBM in P3HT, which decreases the probability of exciton dissociation and enhances the recombination of free charge carriers in the miscible region. Moreover, the minimum distance between fullerenes in the miscible region to facilitate intermolecular transport is identified as 11 .
Chen, Huipeng↗
Dynamics at the Polymer/Nanoparticle Interface in Poly(2-vinylpyridine)/Silica Nanocomposites.
The static and dynamic properties of poly(2-vinylpyridine)/silica nanocomposites are investigated by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy. Both BDS and SAXS detect the existence of an interfacial polymer layer on the surface of nanoparticles. The results show that whereas the calorimetric glass transition temperature varies only weakly with nanoparticle loading, the segmental mobility of the polymer interfacial layer is slower than the bulk polymer by 2 orders of magnitude. Detailed analysis of BDS and SAXS data reveal that the interfacial layer has a thickness of 4 6 nm irrespective of the nanoparticle concentration. These results demonstrate that in contrast to some recent articles on polymer nanocomposites, the interfacial polymer layer is by no means a dead layer . However, its existence might provide some explanation for controversies surrounding the dynamics of polymer nanocomposites.
Holt, Adam P↗
Precise Structural Development and its Correlation to Function in Conjugated Polymer: Fullerence Thin Films by Controlled Solvent Annealing
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Chen, Huipeng↗
Quantifying the Solubility of Boron Nitride Nanotubes and Sheets with Static Light Scattering and Refractometry
The dissolution of nanoparticles, particularly those containing boron, is an important area of interest for polymer nanocomposite formation and material development. In this work, the solubility of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT), functionalized boron nitride nanotubes (FBNNT), and boron nitride sheets (BNZG) is quantified in toluene and THF with static light scattering, refractometry, UV vis spectroscopy, and physical observations. UV vis spectroscopy provides a method to determine the concentration and solubility limits of the solutions tested. Using light scattering, the second virial coefficient, A2, is determined and used to calculate , the solute solvent interaction parameter. The Hildebrand solubility parameter, , is then extracted from this data using the Hildebrand Scatchard Solution Theory. A list of potential good solvents based on the estimated value is provided for each nanoparticle. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and prepolymers (EN4 and EN8) used to synthesize polyurethanes were also tested, because the published and molar attraction constants of these materials provided a selfconsistent check. The dn/dc of SWNTs and boron-containing particles was measured for the first time in this work. A solvent screen for BN-ZG provides additional information that supports the obtained and . Three systems were found to have values below 0.5 and were thermodynamically soluble: BNNT in THF, EN8 in THF, and EN8 in toluene.
Mutz, M↗
Synthesis, Characterization (Molecular-Morphological) and Theoretical Morphology Predictions of Poly(cyclohexadiene) Containing Linear Triblock Terpolymers
The synthesis via anionic polymerization of six linear triblock terpolymers with various sequences of blocks such as PS (polystyrene), PB (polybutadiene), PI (polyisoprene) and PCHD (poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene)) is reported. The synthesis of the terpolymers was accomplished by the use of anionic polymerization with high vacuum techniques and sequential monomer addition. Molecular characterization of the samples was performed via size exclusion chromatography and membrane osmometry to measure polydispersity indices and the number-average molecular weights, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was adopted to verify the type of microstructure for the polydienes as well as to calculate the molar composition. Structural characterization was performed via transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering and several morphologies were observed including one which has not been reported previously. Real-space self-consistent field theory (SCFT) without a priori knowledge about the symmetry of the periodic structures was used to elucidate the thermodynamics of the synthesized triblock copolymers.
Kumar, Rajeev↗
Effect of Macromolecular Architecture on the Morphology of Polystyrene Polyisoprene Block Copolymers
The impact of block connectivity on the morphologies of four block copolymers of varying architecture containing polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) has been studied. The volume fraction of PS and molecular weight are held constant while varying the architecture from a linear PS-PI diblock copolymer to three different miktoarm star architectures: PS2PI, PSPI2, and PS2PI2. Morphologies of the PS2PI and PSPI2 miktoarm stars are different from those observed for the linear copolymer and dependent on the connectivity of the copolymer blocks. The change in morphology with connectivity indicates that combining two chains at a junction point leads to chain crowding, where subsequent excluded volume effects drive the change in morphology for each sample. The PS2PI2 miktoarm star exhibits the same morphology as the linear diblock but with a reduction in the size of the domains. The extent of the decrease in domain size indicates that chain stretching impacts the formation of this morphology. Experimentally observed morphologies for different chain architectures are generally consistent with three-dimensional self-consistent field theory simulations, taking into account conformational asymmetry and experimental uncertainty in the copolymer composition. Furthermore, these results generally agree with analytical theory predictions that account for architectural and conformational asymmetry.
Kumar, Rajeev↗
Theory of the Miscibility of Fullerenes in Random Copolymer Melts
We combine polymer integral equation theory and computational chemistry methods to study the interfacial structure, effective interactions, miscibility and spatial dispersion mechanism of fullerenes dissolved in specific random AB copolymer melts characterized by strong non-covalent electron donor-acceptor interactions with the nanofiller. A statistical mechanical basis is developed for designing random copolymers to optimize fullerene dispersion at intermediate copolymer compositions. Pair correlation calculations reveal a strong sensitivity of interfacial packing near the fullerene to copolymer composition and adsorption energy mismatch. The potential of mean force between fullerenes displays rich trends, often non-monotonic with copolymer composition, reflecting a non-additive competition between direct filler attractions and polymer-mediated bridging and steric stabilization. The spinodal phase diagrams are in qualitative agreement with recent solubility limit experimental observations on three systems, and testable predictions are made for other random copolymers. The distinctive non-monotonic variation of miscibility with copolymer composition is found to be primarily a consequence of composition-dependent, spatially short-range attractions between the A and B monomers with the fullerene. A remarkably rich, polymer-specific temperature dependence of the spinodal diagram is predicted which reflects the thermal sensitivity of spatial correlations which can result in fullerene miscibility either increasing or decreasing with cooling. The calculations are contrasted with a simpler effective homopolymer model and the random structure Flory-Huggins model. The former appears to be qualitatively reasonable but can incur large quantitative errors since it misses preferential packing of monomers near nanoparticles, while the latter appears to fail qualitatively due to its neglect of all spatial correlations.
Dadmun, Mark D↗