Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Modeling in a Continuous-Galerkin, Finite-Element Framework
The presented work discusses the implementation, verification, and validation of Park's two-temperature model in a scalable, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed at the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The implementation of Park's two-temperature model was verified through 0D test cases involving an adiabatic reactor and a nitrogen thermal bath. The implementation was then validated through comparisons with other validated CFD codes and experimental data on a hypersonic cylinder and double cones. These are standard benchmark test cases for thermochemical non-equilibrium (TCNE) modeling, and all data are shared publicly. The verification and validation results showed that ORNL's in-house CFD code could model complex, high-speed flow problems with and without TCNE modeling. This work is essential for future research involving 3D shock wave/boundary layer interactions (SBLIs).