FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Project Title: A Low-Cost, 3D-Concrete-Printed, Modular, Marine Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cotrell, Jason↗
Engineering topics
Greene, David
Publications and source records attributed to Greene, David.
Mission Analysis for Marine Renewable Energy to Provide Power for Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal
The mission of this project was to provide a preliminary feasibility assessment of powering different marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR), marine carbon capture, and marine carbon sequestration strategies with marine energy. In this report, carbon capture refers to methods that can separate or capture carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the air or ocean; carbon sequestration refers to methods that store CO 2 obtained by capture methods out of the atmosphere for long periods of time; and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) refers to methods that do both. The project found that mCDR powered by marine energy and offshore wind energy available in the United States could meet global CDR scales needed by 2040 and 2050 to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C by 2100. Note that this preliminary estimate assumes that it is possible to harvest all the marine and offshore wind resources available in the United States with existing technology options, and it does not account for the power needed for monitoring these methods, as these power needs are not yet well defined and require further research. Additionally, these CDR scales will still require emissions reductions.
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
Design of Coil-Dominated Quadrupole Triplet for High Rigidity Isotope Beams
Not provided.
Engineering↗
Coordinating the electric vehicle transition and electricity grid decarbonization in the U.S. is not essential to achieving substantial long-term carbon dioxide emissions reductions
Abstract How quickly the US can decarbonize light-duty vehicle (LDV) transportation depends on the rates of change of electric vehicle (EV) sales, stock turnover, and grid decarbonization. We build a stock turnover model to assess how sensitive achieving 2050 LDV decarbonization targets is to these rates. We estimate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reductions of 70%–85% by 2050, including emissions from vehicles and upstream electricity generation, provided that new vehicle sales transition to 100% EVs and substantial grid decarbonization are accomplished by 2050. This result is robust to continuation of long-term trends of increasing vehicle longevity, and to whether the timing of EV sales growth and grid decarbonization are coordinated. If the two key goals are met, the annual contribution of EV electricity use to CO 2 emissions will be small over the entire period.
Leard, Benjamin↗
Design of an Emittance Compensation Superconducting Magnet Package for LCLS-II-HE's SRF Photo-Injector
An SRF photo-injector (low frequency, quarter-wave resonator plus emittance compensation magnet) is planned for LCLS-II-HE as it can provide a higher cathode gradient and better electron beam quality than other types of CW electron guns. The magnet package is located immediately downstream of the SRF cavity, and incorporates a solenoid doublet, bucking coils for reduction of the fringe field, normal/skew quadrupoles and horizontal/vertical dipoles. All the magnets are wound of NbTi wire and operate in liquid helium environment. The solenoid package is located inside the SRF gun cryomodule. Design considerations include space limitations, optimal emittance compensation, the magnetic field limits in the superconducting wire and quench protection. The solenoid coils must provide a peak excitation > 25 kgauss 2 ·cm, a fringe field < 20 gauss at the wall of the SRF cavity, an integrated dipole field < 90 gauss·cm and an integrated quadrupole field < 10 gauss. As a result, a genetic algorithm was used to optimize the solenoid design. Correction dipoles and quadrupoles were designed using coil dominated Walstrom style coils.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Expert Elicitation for Wave Energy LCOE Futures
As the world faces increasing threats from climate change, the importance of developing renewable energy technologies and reducing their costs have similarly increased. Marine energy technologies (which include wave, tidal, ocean current, ocean thermal and salinity gradient resources) are often referred to as the most nascent and newest suite of renewable technologies under development. There are vast marine energy resources available around the world and within U.S. territorial waters, and as the technologies have continued to develop, the long-term trajectory of cost reductions and performance improvements is of particular interest. This study specifically investigates the long-term cost reduction potential for commercial wave energy technologies, as wave energy represents the largest marine energy resource available to the continental U.S. Similar studies focused on other resources and technologies may follow in the future.
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
How to support EV adoption: Tradeoffs between charging infrastructure investments and vehicle subsidies in California
Supporting the adoption of zero-emission vehicle (ZEVs), including plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), has become a priority for governments due to their ability to reduce petroleum demand, improve air quality, and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Optimal strategies to accelerate EV adoption must weigh the relative value of alternative policy mechanisms to consumers, including public charging infrastructure and vehicle purchase subsidies. We use a historically validated light-duty vehicle consumer choice tool, the ADOPT model, to simulate personal light-duty vehicle adoption and related emissions in California. ADOPT is updated to incorporate a quantification of the tangible value of public charging infrastructure, allowing us to simulate the impact of investments in public charging infrastructure and vehicle purchase subsidies under different scenarios. We show that both policies result in increased EV adoption, with the most effective policy varying depending on vehicle technology assumptions. Under conservative technology improvement assumptions, infrastructure investments are most effective in promoting EV sales and reducing CO2 emissions, while under optimistic technology improvement assumptions a combination of infrastructure and subsidies best supports EV sales and CO2 emission reductions.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Pipe Parity Analysis of Seawater Desalination in the United States: Exploring Costs, Energy, and Reliability via Case Studies and Scenarios of Emerging Technology
As climate change-induced variables exacerbate water scarcities, the use of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane desalination technology for treating seawater could potentially provide a long-term drought-proof source of drinking water. This study carried out a technoeconomic assessment (TEA) for three SWRO desalination plants in the U.S. and one in Israel to set baselines for the cost and energy consumption for seawater desalination. In addition, a breakeven curve for implementing SWRO desalination was estimated in relation to the cost of water conservation measures to meet drought-induced reduction of the traditional water supply. The results show that the cost of SWRO water production scales with the plant capacity while energy intensity is not dramatically different across the plants. The higher cost in some U.S. plants is due to high capital investment, including land acquisition and permitting. Variations in plant capacity utilization have the greatest impact on the levelized cost of water (LCOW) over the plant service life, suggesting the importance of reducing fouling and maintenance-related downtime. Scenario analysis of fixed labor cost reduction through process automation indicates investments in automation and sensing technology could result in long-term savings. Breakeven analysis shows the decision to adopt SWRO is highly dependent on the local cost associated with water conservation to meet water supply reduction. Moreover, a small reduction in SWRO cost can influence a shift toward the adoption of SWRO over water conservation measures. Incorporation of future water demand, water conservation potential, and water stress data around the nation indicates SWRO desalination could be an important contributor to the future municipal drinking water portfolio in the U.S.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Opportunities and Challenges for Industrial Water Treatment and Reuse
As the impact of water scarcity in the United States (U.S.) continues to grow through the 21st century, it is critical to develop strategies to reduce water use and improve the security of water resources. One such strategy is to diversify the sources from which water is supplied. Industrial withdrawals represent the fourth largest category of U.S. water use, the majority of which is sourced from fresh surface and groundwater. In this study, we critically explore the potential of industrial wastewater to serve as an alternative water resource through direct treatment and reuse. We begin by reviewing the state of the art of water use, treatment, and reuse across six representative industries: food and beverages, primary metals, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, chemicals, and data centers and campuses, highlighting key challenges and opportunities toward the expansion of reuse. We then employ a technoeconomic assessment of water treatment processes to analyze the capital investment, operating and maintenance costs, levelized cost of water, and electricity consumption of three specific industrial plants as case studies to better understand where research can promote impactful innovation. Finally, drawing together the results of our literature review and technoeconomic analyses, we provide a broad outlook on the future of industrial water reuse and discuss strategies for its expansion.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations
Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption. Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and their role in transportation and energy systems. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of scientific studies looking at various aspects of EVs, including: (a) an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; (b) insights on market opportunities beyond light-duty EVs; (c) a review of cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success; (d) charging-infrastructure status with a focus on modeling and studies that are used to project charging-infrastructure requirements and the economics of public charging; (e) an overview of the impact of EV charging on power systems at multiple scales, ranging from bulk power systems to distribution networks; (f) insights into life-cycle cost and emissions studies focusing on EVs; and (g) future expectations and synergies between EVs and other emerging trends and technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide readers with a snapshot of the current state of the art and help navigate this vast literature by comparing studies critically and comprehensively and synthesizing general insights. This detailed review paints a positive picture for the future of EVs for on-road transportation, and the authors remain hopeful that remaining technology, regulatory, societal, behavioral, and business-model barriers can be addressed over time to support a transition toward cleaner, more efficient, and affordable transportation solutions for all.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035
From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States’ largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement.This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes.
MARCHANT, GARY↗
Powering the Blue Economy: Progress Exploring Marine Renewable Energy Integration With Ocean Observations
The blue economy is a dynamic and rapidly growing movement that captures the interplay between economic, social, and ecological sustainability of the ocean and encompasses numerous maritime sectors and activities (e.g., commerce and trade; living resources; renewable energy; minerals, materials, and freshwater; and ocean health and data). The demand for ocean data to inform scientific, risk reduction, and national security needs is leading to a large increase in the number of deployed ocean observation and monitoring systems, most of which require increased power. Because ocean observation systems are often placed in remote locations, they primarily rely on energy storage (or in some cases in situ energy generation) to power instruments and equipment, which imposes limits on sampling rates, deployment times, and spatiotemporal resolution of data. The U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office is exploring the potential for marine renewable energy (MRE) devices (largely wave and tidal energy converters) to provide power to support multiple blue economy opportunities. A portion of these opportunities focus on power at sea markets for providing power in off-grid and offshore locations to support a variety of ocean-based activities, including ocean observation and navigation, underwater vehicle charging, marine aquaculture, marine algae farming, and seawater mining. Initially, research has focused on better understanding how and where MRE can provide a consistent source of reliable power to extend ocean observing missions, including operation of autonomous underwater vehicles. Online surveys as well as phone and inperson interviews were conducted with experts in the field of ocean observing systems and observatories to gather end-user requirements, determine energy needs, identify opportunities for codevelopment, and pinpoint constraints for MRE to meet those needs. The surveys and interviews provided feedback on the potential for powering devices and vehicles using MRE, including identifying common themes and challenges that will inform foundational research and development steps needed to advance the integration of MRE with ocean observing systems. In most cases, additional power generation on the order of watts was identified as significantly beneficial to enhancing ocean observations capabilities.
marine renewable energy, powering the blue economy↗
The role of infrastructure to enable and support electric drive vehicles: A Transportation Research Part D Special Issue
Widespread vehicle electrification appears to be necessary to achieve timely and deep reductions in greenhouse gases (GHG) and pollutant emissions as well as petroleum use in the transportation sector. The lack of a sufficient refuelling infrastructure has defeated many past efforts to promote alternatives to petroleum fuels. The papers in this special issue on the “Role of Infrastructure to Enable and Support Electric Drive Vehicles” address the diverse challenges posed by a transition from fossil-fuelled internal combustion engine vehicles to vehicles powered by electric motors and the special role of refuelling/recharging infrastructure in this transition. Electric drive vehicles are herein considered to be plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). BEVs and FCEVs are also known as Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) because their propulsion systems produce no tailpipe emissions.
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report
The "Powering the Blue Economy" (PBE) Report identified ocean observing and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) recharge as near-term markets with significant potential for marine energy integration when specified qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria were used. The ocean observing market (including AUVs) scored high relative to other markets analyzed in the PBE Report with respect to market size, marine renewable energy (MRE) compatibility with functional requirements, competitive positioning (i.e., MRE versus other power sources), path to market, and alignment to the Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) and other agencies' objectives. Based on this scoring, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) pursued the development of five use cases that represent a spectrum of ocean observation platforms, fixed and mobile, to explore the present and future power needs that might be satisfied by marine energy. The use cases were described and analyzed for this potential by examining current missions and future needs, evaluating the mix of renewable energy sources that might satisfy those needs at sea, and understanding the overall cost drivers that might enable this application.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗