Engineering topics

Hadjipanayis, GC

Publications and source records attributed to Hadjipanayis, GC.

11 records

DOE OSTI2013

Magnetic property and microstructure of single crystalline Nd2Fe14B ultrafine particles ball milled from HDDR powders

In this work we report the microstructure and magnetic property of single crystalline Nd2Fe14B ultrafine particles ball milled from HDDR Nd-Fe-B alloys. The average size of the particles is 283 nm, and TEM observation reveals that these particles are single crystalline. The coercivity of these particles is 6.0 kOe, which is much higher than that of the particles ball milled from sintered and hot pressed Nd-Fe-B magnets. Micromagnetic analysis shows that the coercivity degradation is caused by surface damage during ball milling. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Li, WF↗

DOE OSTI2013

Finite-Temperature Micromagnetism

It is investigated how magnetic hysteresis is affected by finite-temperature excitations, using soft regions in hard-magnetic matrices as model systems. In lowest order, magnetization processes are described by the traditional approach of using finite-temperature materials constants such as K-1(T). Nanoscale excitations are usually small perturbations. For example, a Bloch summation over all magnon wave vectors shows that remanence is slightly enhanced, because long-wavelength excitations are suppressed. However, a reverse magnetic field enhances the effect of thermal excitations and causes a small reduction of the coercivity. To describe such effects, we advocate micromagnetic calculations where finite-temperature fluctuations are treated as small corrections to the traditional approach, as contrasted to full-scale Monte Carlo simulations.

Skomski, R↗

DOE OSTI2012

Mechanochemical synthesis of Nd2Fe14B alloy with high coercivity

High coercivity nanocrystalline Nd2Fe14B particles were synthesized by mechanochemical processing involving the reduction of Nd2O3 with Ca in presence of Fe-B and Fe. The as-milled powder shows amorphous structure and subsequent heat treatment results in formation of nanocrystalline Nd2Fe14B. The resulting powder does not only consist of Nd2Fe14B but also some Nd-rich phase. The optimally heat treated sample exhibits coercivity of more than 12 kOe. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pal, A↗

DOE OSTI2012

Effect of ball-milling surfactants on the interface chemistry in hot-compacted SmCo5 magnets

Anisotropic SmCo5 nanoflakes prepared by high-energy ball-milling with surfactants have great potential in applications for high-performance nanocomposite magnets. For such "nanocomposite" applications, the surface structure and chemistry of nanoflakes are crucial for achieving high coercivity. In this study, hot-pressed samples from anisotropic SmCo5 nanoflakes, ball-milled with different surfactants, oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OY), were investigated. Interface layers between the SmCo5 nanoflakes were found to consist of samarium oxides and a soft magnetic Co phase. These surface layers contribute to the degradation of hard magnetic performance, which is confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the cross-section of a single flake ball-milled with OA. Samples milled with OY show a much thinner interface layer in compacted samples, which means that the surface degradation during ball-milling with OY is much less than that with OA. The results show clearly that the choice of proper surfactant and the control of processing parameters are the key factors for improving the surface condition of the nanoflakes and the resulting hard magnetic properties. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Li, WF↗

DOE OSTI2012

Prospects for nanoparticle-based permanent magnets

Magnetic nanoparticles smaller than similar to 15 nm in diameter and with high magnetocrystalline anisotropies K-1 >= 1 MJ m(-3) can be used as building blocks for next-generation permanent magnets. Advances in processing steps are discussed, such as self-assembly, alignment of the easy axes and appropriate nanostructuring that will enable the fabrication of densely packed nanopartide assemblies with improved permanent-magnet properties. This study also proposes an idealized nanocomposite structure for nanoparticle-based future permanent magnets with enhanced energy products. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Balamurugan, B↗

DOE OSTI2012

Magnetism of directly ordered Sm-Co clusters

Sm-Co bulk alloys have shown superior permanent-magnet properties, but research on Sm-Co nanoparticles is challenging because of the need to control particle size, size-distribution, crystalline ordering, and phase purity. In the present study, a cluster-deposition method was used to produce Sm-Co nanoparticles having desired crystal structures without the requirement of subsequent high-temperature thermal annealing. Poorly crystallized SmCo5 nanoparticles exhibit a low room-temperature coercivity of only 100 Oe, whereas crystalline SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 nanoparticles show room-temperature coercivities of 2000 and 750 Oe, respectively. The direct synthesis of Sm-Co nanoparticles having sizes of less than 10 nm and a high degree of atomic ordering is an important step toward creating nanoparticle building blocks for permanent-magnets and other significant applications. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3677668]

Balamurugan, B↗

DOE OSTI2012

Textured Nd2Fe14B flakes with enhanced coercivity

Morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of the [001] textured Nd2Fe14B nanocrystalline flakes prepared by surfactant-assisted high energy ball milling (HEBM) and subsequent annealing were studied. These flakes have a thickness of 80-200 nm, a length of 0.5-10 mu m, and an average grain size of 10-14nm. The addition of some amount of Dy, Nd70Cu30 alloy, and an appropriate post annealing increased the coercivity H-i(c) of the Nd2Fe14B flakes. iHc was 3.7, 4.3, and 5.7 kOe for the Nd15.5Fe78.5B6, Nd14Dy1.5Fe78.5B6 and 83.3wt.% Nd14Dy1.5Fe78.5B6+16.7 wt.% Nd70Cu30 flakes prepared by HEBM for 5 h in heptane with 20 wt.% oleylamine, respectively. After annealing at 450 degrees C for 0.5h, their iHc increased to 5.1, 6.2, and 7.0 kOe, respectively. Anisotropic magnetic behavior was found in all of the as-milled and annealed flakes. Both, the thickening of Nd-rich phase at grain boundaries via diffusion of Nd70Cu30 and the surface modification of the Nd2Fe14B flake could be the main reasons for the coercivity enhancement in the as-milled and annealed Nd70Cu30-added Nd2Fe14B flakes. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3679425]

Cui, BZ↗

DOE OSTI2012

Ultrahard magnetic nanostructures

The performance of hard-magnetic nanostructures is investigated by analyzing the size and geometry dependence of thin-film hysteresis loops. Compared to bulk magnets, weight and volume are much less important, but we find that the energy product remains the main figure of merit down to very small features sizes. However, hysteresis loops are much easier to control on small length scales, as epitomized by Fe-Co-Pt thin films with magnetizations of up to 1.78 T and coercivities of up to 2.52 T. Our numerical and analytical calculations show that the feature size and geometry have a big effect on the hysteresis loop. Layered soft regions, especially if they have a free surface, are more harmful to coercivity and energy product than spherical inclusions. In hard-soft nanocomposites, an additional complication is provided by the physical properties of the hard phases. For a given soft phase, the performance of a hard-soft composite is determined by the parameter (M-s - M-h)/K-h. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3679453]

Sahota, PK↗

DOE OSTI2012

Single-crystal and textured polycrystalline Nd2Fe14B flakes with a submicron or nanosize thickness

This paper reports on the fabrication, structure and magnetic property optimization of Nd2Fe14B single-crystal and [0 0 1] textured poly-nanocrystalline flakes prepared by surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling (HEBM). Single-crystal Nd2Fe14B flakes first with micron and then with submicron thicknesses were formed via continuous basal cleavage along the (1 1 0) planes of the irregularly shaped single-crystal microparticles during the early stage of HEBM. With further milling, [0 0 1] textured polycrystalline submicron Nd2Fe14B flakes were formed. Finally, crystallographically anisotropic polycrystalline Nd2Fe14B nanoflakes were formed after milling for 5-6 h. Anisotropic magnetic behavior was found in all of the flake samples. Nd2Fe14B flakes prepared with either oleic acid (OA) or oleylamine (OY) as the surfactant exhibited similar morphology, structure and magnetic properties. Both the addition of some low-melting-point eutectic Nd70Cu30 alloy and an appropriate post-annealing can increase the coercivity of the Nd2Fe14B flakes. The coercivity of Nd2Fe14B nanoflakes with an addition of 16.7 wt.% Nd70Cu30 by milling for 5 h in heptane with 20 wt.% OY increased from 3.7 to 6.8 kOe after annealing at 450 degrees C for 0.5 h. The mechanism for formation and coercivity enhancement of Nd2Fe14B single-crystal and textured poly-nanocrystalline flakes with a submicron or nanosize thickness was discussed. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cui, BZ↗

DOE OSTI2011

Effect of different surfactants on the formation and morphology of SmCo5 nanoflakes

The effect of the amount and types of surfactants and milling time on the formation of SmCo5 nanoflakes by surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling in heptane has been investigated. The majority of the as-milled SmCo5 samples had the shape of flakes with a high degree of texture. Among the surfactants used, oleylamine (OY), trioctylamine (TOA) and oleic acid (OA), OA and OY have similar effects on the formation of SmCo5 nanoflakes, with the highest coercivity of 20.1 kOe obtained after 5 h of milling with 2 wt.% OA. Textured poly-nanocrystalline SmCo5 nanoflakes were formed even with as little as 2 wt.% OA. The coercivity of the specimens prepared with 2-10 wt.% of OA increased from 10.8 to 20.1 kOe when the milling time increased from 0.25 to 5 h. However, the same amount of OA had little effect on the coercivity and grain size when the milling time was kept for 5 h. In the case of TOA, a higher amount of surfactant is required to form the nanoflakes. The evolution of thickness, structure and magnetic properties of SmCo5 flakes with increasing milling time has a similar trend with all surfactants used. The [0 0 1] texture was found to be reduced either with decreasing the amounts of OA from 10 to 2 wt.% when the milling time was 5 h or with increasing the milling time from 0.25 to 5 h when the amount of OA was kept at 5 wt.%. Another interesting result is that the majority of jet-milled SmCo5 powders became more uniform and had a smaller size in the range of 0.3-3 mu m when using milling balls with a single diameter of 4 mm. The small size and uniform nanoflakes are very promising for the development of anisotropic nanocomposite magnets. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Zheng, LY↗

DOE OSTI2011

Cluster Synthesis and Direct Ordering of Rare-Earth Transition-Metal Nanomagnets

Rare-earth transition-metal (R-TM) alloys show superior permanent magnetic properties in the bulk, but the synthesis and application of R-TM nanoparticles remains a challenge due to the requirement of high-temperature annealing above about 800 degrees C for alloy formation and subsequent crystalline ordering. Here we report a single-step method to produce highly ordered R-TM nanoparticles such as YCo(5) and Y(2)Co(17), without high-temperature thermal annealing, by employing a cluster-deposition system and investigate their structural and magnetic properties. The direct ordering is highly desirable to create and assemble R-TM nanoparticle building blocks for future permanent-magnet and other significant applications.

Balasubramanian, B↗