Evaluating and Influencing Extreme-Scale Monitoring Implementations
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Computer science↗
Engineering topics
Hanson, J
Publications and source records attributed to Hanson, J.
SU-E-J-229: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Small Fiducial Markers for Proton Beam Therapy
Purpose: For proton beam therapy, small fiducial markers are preferred for patient alignment due to less interference with the proton beam. Visualizing small fiducial markers can be challenging in MRI. This study intends to investigate MRI imaging protocols for better visualization of small fiducial markers. Methods: Two carbon and two coil-shaped gold markers were placed into a gel phantom. Both carbon markers had a diameter of 1mm and a length of 3mm. Both gold markers had a length of 5mm. One gold marker had a diameter of 0.5mm and the other had a diameter of 0.75mm. T1 VIBE, T2 SPACE, TrueFISP and susceptibility weighted (SW) images were acquired. To improve marker contrast, high spatial resolution was used to reduce partial volume effect. Slice thickness was 1.5mm for all four sequences and in-plane resolution was 0.6mm for TrueFISP, 0.7mm for T1 VIBE, and 0.8mm for T2 SPACE and SW. For comparison purpose, a 3D T1 VIBE image set at 3mm slice thickness and 1.2mm in-plane resolution was also acquired. Results: All markers were visible in all high-resolution image sets. In each image set, marker-induced signal void was the smallest (in diameter) for carbon markers, followed by the 0.5mm gold marker and the largest for the 0.75mm gold marker. The SW images had the largest marker-induced signal void. However, those might be confused by susceptibility-gradient-induced signal voids. T1 VIBE had good visualization of markers with nicely defined edges. T2 SPACE had reasonable visualization of markers but edges were slightly blurred. TrueFISP had good visualization of markers only if they were not masked by banding artifacts. As a comparison, all markers were hardly visible in the standard resolution T1 VIBE images. Conclusion: 3D high-resolution T1 VIBE and SW have great potential in providing good visualization of small fiducial markers for proton beam therapy.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Fully Noninductive Scenario Development in DIII-DUsing New Off-Axis Neutral Beam Injection Capability
Abstract not provided
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
In situ Characterization of Pt Catalysts Supported on Ceria Modified TiO(2) for the WGS reaction: Influence of Ceria Loading
This work analyzes the influence of cerium content (6-15 wt%) on a TiO{sub 2} support over the structure and water gas shift (WGS) activity of Pt catalysts. The structural properties of these Pt/Ce-TiO{sub 2} catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM and XANES. Physicochemical characterization of the catalysts showed differences in the structure and dispersion of Ce entities on the support with Ce loading. For the samples with low ceria content (6 wt%), cerium is deposited on the support in the form of CeO{sub x} clusters in a highly dispersed state in close interaction with the Ti atoms. The formation of CeO{sub x} clusters at low Ce-loading on the support facilitates the dispersion of small particles of Pt and improves the reducibility of ceria component at low temperatures. The changes in platinum dispersion and support reducibility with Ce-loading on the TiO{sub 2} support lead to significant differences in the WGS activity. Pt supported on the sample with lower Ce content (6 wt%) shows better activity than those corresponding to catalysts with higher Ce content (15 wt%). Activity measurements coupled with catalysts characterization suggest that the improvement in the reducibility of the support with lower Ce content was associated with the presence of CeO{sub x} clusters of high reducibility that improve the chemical activity of the oxide-metal interfaces at which the WGS reaction takes place.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Morphological and Structural Changes during the Reduction and Reoxidation of CuO/CeO2 and Ce1-xCuxO2 Nanocatalysts: In Situ Studies with Environmental TEM XRD and XAS
We have studied the structural, morphological, and electronic properties of CuO/CeO{sub 2} and Ce{sub 1-x}Cu{sub x}O{sub 2} nanocatalysts during reduction/oxidation cycles using H2 and O2 as chemical probes. Time-resolved in situ characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) as well as aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). We have found that both types of nanocatalysts reduce to a Cu/CeO{sub 2} biphase system with significant oxygen vacancies in CeO{sub 2}. Important variations are seen in the Cu particle size and metal dispersion depending on the initial state of the copper oxide-ceria systems. During subsequent in situ oxygen annealing, the Cu precipitated from the CuO/CeO{sub 2} system reoxidized to form CuO through a Cu2O intermediate phase as expected. However, the Cu precipitated from the Ce{sub 0.8}Cu{sub 0.2}O{sub 2} solid solution behaved rather differently under oxidizing conditions, and neither oxidized to form CuO nor fully returned to a bulk Ce{sub 0.8}Cu{sub 0.2}O{sub 2} phase in solid solution. We found that 50% of the Cu returned to a Ce{sub 1-x}Cu{sub x}O{sub 2} solid solution, while the remainder was observed by in situ ETEM to form an amorphous copper oxide phase with a Cu oxidation state similar to Ce{sub 1-x}Cu{sub x}O{sub 2}, but with a local bonding environment similar to CuO. The behavior of the reduced Ce{sub 0.8}Cu{sub 0.2}O{sub 2} reflects strong interactions between Cu and the ceria matrix and illustrates the advantages of working with solid solutions of mixed oxides.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Combining X-ray Absorption and X-ray Diffraction Techniques for in Situ Studies of Chemical Transformations in Heterogeneous Catalysis:Advantages and Limitations
Recent advances in catalysis instrumentations include synchrotron-based facilities where time-resolved X-ray scattering and absorption techniques are combined in the same in situ or operando experiment to study catalysts at work. To evaluate the advances and limitations of this method, we performed a series of experiments at the new XAFS/XRD instrument in the National Synchrotron Light Source. Nearly simultaneous X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements of structure and kinetics of several catalysts under reducing or oxidizing conditions have been performed and carefully analyzed. For CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} under reducing conditions, the combined use of the two techniques allowed us to obtain accurate data on kinetics of nucleation and growth of metallic Cu. For the inverse catalyst CuO/CeO{sub 2} that underwent isothermal reduction (with CO) and oxidation (with O{sub 2}), the XAFS data measured in the same experiment with XRD revealed strongly disordered Cu species that went undetected by diffraction. These and other examples emphasize the unique sensitivity of these two complementary methods to follow catalytic processes in the broad ranges of length and time scales.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
A Flow-Through Reaction Cell that Couples Time - Resolved Analysis
A non-metallic flow-through reaction cell is described, designed for in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction coupled with stable isotope analysis. The experimental setup allows the correlation of Cu isotope fractionation with changes in crystal structure during copper sulfide dissolution. This flow-through cell can be applied to many classes of fluid-mineral reactions that involve dissolution or ion exchange.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗