Engineering topics
Publications and source records attributed to Jain, A. K..
A monthly Forbush decrease index (Fd-I) is generated and it is compared with the observed long term chnges in the cosmic ray intensity near earth at energies greater than or equal to 1 Gev over 1976-83. Significant correlation is observed between the two except for 1978. Such an effect is also seen in the correlation plot between the solar flare index (SFI) and Fd-I.
Recently, the importance of the occurrence of solar flares in the long-term modulation of cosmic ray intensity has been re-emphasized. For this purpose, the data of solar flares have been used from various publications, such as Solar Geophysical Data books, U.A.G. reports and Quarterly Bulletin Of Solar Activity. Research very clearly reveals that even the periodic changes in the solar flare observations, obtained from the four different data sources, for the same interval, differ significantly from one another; this is evidenced even on an average basis. Hence, in any study using solar flares, the importance of selecting a single compilation of the solar-flare data for the entire period of investigation is stressed.
Past studies have revealed solar cycle changes in the sunspot activity, as well as in many other solar parameters, such as, solar flares and solar coronal holes. These solar features in turn produce the observed cyclic variations in the interplanetary plasma and fields. Both the cosmic ray intensity as well as the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances are affected by the interplanetary changes and produce 11/22 year periodicity. An anomalous situation has been noticed during the year 1980 (period of high sunspot activity), when both the geomagnetic disturbance index Ap, as well as the magnitude and number of Forbush decreases as small. Such an anomaly occurs, in spite of the fact that both the sunspot numbers and the energetic solar flares are almost maximum during the present solar cycle.
This paper introduces a general procedure for automatic registration of two images which may have translational, rotational, and scaling differences. This procedure involves (1) segmentation of the images, (2) isolation of dominant objects from the images, (3) determination of corresponding objects in the two images, and (4) estimation of transformation parameters using the center of gravities of objects as control points. An example is given which uses this technique to register two images which have translational, rotational, and scaling differences.
It is shown that for a class of finite first-order Markov signals, the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform for data compression is a set of periodic sine functions if the boundary values of the signal are fixed or known. These sine functions are shown to be related to the Fourier transform so that a fast Fourier transform algorithm can be used to implement the KL transform. Extension to two dimensions with reference to images with separable contravariance function is shown.
The fast KL transform algorithm was applied for data compression of a set of four ERTS multispectral images and its performance was compared with other techniques previously studied on the same image data. The performance criteria used here are mean square error and signal to noise ratio. The results obtained show a superior performance of the fast KL transform coding algorithm on the data set used with respect to the above stated perfomance criteria. A summary of the results is given in Chapter I and details of comparisons and discussion on conclusions are given in Chapter IV.
An approach is made to filtering of two-dimensional steady-state problems based on the notion of nearest neighbor interaction, i.e., at a given point in the spatial grid, the value at the variable of interest can be assumed to depend only on the values at adjacent grid points. It is shown that for linear steady-state problems significant dimensionality reductions can be accomplished. It was possible to achieve the desired results using a small amount of computer time and without getting into stability difficulties.