Engineering topics

Jayaraman, N.

Publications and source records attributed to Jayaraman, N..

16 records

NASA NTRS2012

Dwell Notch Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Powder Metallurgy Nickel Disk Alloy

A study was conducted to determine the processes which govern dwell notch low cycle fatigue (NLCF) behavior of a powder metallurgy (P/M) ME3 disk superalloy. The emphasis was placed on the environmentally driven mechanisms which may embrittle the highly stressed notch surface regions and reduce NLCF life. In conjunction with the environmentally driven notch surface degradation processes, the visco-plastic driven mechanisms which can significantly change the notch root stresses were also considered. Dwell notch low cycle fatigue testing was performed in air and vacuum on a ME3 P/M disk alloy specimens heat treated using either a fast or a slow cooling rate from the solutioning treatment. It was shown that dwells at the minimum stress typically produced a greater life debit than the dwells applied at the maximum stress, especially for the slow cooled heat treatment. Two different environmentally driven failure mechanisms were identified as the root cause of early crack initiation in the min dwell tests. Both of these failure mechanisms produced mostly a transgranular crack initiation failure mode and yet still resulted in low NLCF fatigue lives. The lack of stress relaxation during the min dwell tests produced higher notch root stresses which caused early crack initiation and premature failure when combined with the environmentally driven surface degradation mechanisms. The importance of environmental degradation mechanisms was further highlighted by vacuum dwell NLCF tests which resulted in considerably longer NLCF lives, especially for the min dwell tests.

Telesman, J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Microstructure: Property correlation

Strain controlled torsional and biaxial (tension-torsion) low cycle fatigue behavior of Waspaloy was studied at room temperature as a function of heat treatment. Biaxial tests were conducted under proportional (when the axial and torsional strain cycles are in-phase) and non-proportional (when the axial and torsional strain cycles are 90 deg out-of-phase) cyclic conditions. The deformation behavior under these different cyclic conditions were evaluated by slip trace analysis. For this, a Schmidt-type factor was defined for multiaxial loading conditions and it was shown that when the slip deformation is predominant, non-proportional cycles are more damaging than proportional or pure axial or torsional cycles. This was attributed to the fact that under non-proportional cyclic conditions, deformation was through multiple slip as opposed single slip for other loading conditions, which gave rise to increased hardening. The total life for a given test condition was found to be independent of heat treatment. This was interpreted as being due to the differences in the cycles to initiation and propagation of cracks.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Torsional and biaxial (tension-torsion) fatigue damage mechanisms in Waspaloy at room temperature

Strain controlled torsional and biaxial (tension-torsion) low cycle fatigue behavior of Waspaloy was studied at room temperature as a function of heat treatment. Biaxial tests were conducted under proportional and nonproportional cyclic conditions. The deformation behavior under these different cyclic conditions was evaluated by slip trace analysis. For this, a Schmidt-type factor was defined for multiaxial loading conditions, and it was shown that when the slip deformation is predominant, nonproportional cycles are more damaging than proportional or pure axial or torsional cycles. This was attributed to the fact that under nonproportional cyclic conditions, deformation was through multiple slip, as opposed to single slip for other loading conditions, which gave rise to increased hardening. The total life for a given test condition was found to be independent of heat treatment. This was interpreted as being due to the differences in the cycles to initiation and propagation of cracks.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Oxide scale stresses in polycrystalline Ni200

An X-ray diffraction method has been successfully used to measure the oxidation stresses at room temperature in annealed and electropolished samples of polycrystalline Ni200 coupons oxidized in the temperature range 760 to 982 C for 4 h. The stresses on the free surface of the oxide were compressive and the average stress through the thickness normal to the oxide layer was found to be tensile. Surface stresses on the oxides formed at temperatures up to 927 C were found to be isotropic and both surface stresses and the average normal stress increased with increasing temperature of oxidation. At 982 C, the surface stresses were lower and this was attributed to the deformation and fracture of oxide layer resulting in stress relation.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Anisotropic constitutive modeling for nickel base single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C

A back stress/drag stress constitutive model based on a crystallographic approach to model single crystal anisotropy is presented. Experimental results demonstrated the need for the back stress variable in the inelastic flow equations. Experimental findings suggested that back stress is orientation dependent and controls both strain hardening and recovery characteristics. Due to the observed stable fatigue loops at 1800 F, drag stress is considered constant for this temperature. The constitutive model operated with constraints determined only from tensile data was extensively tested from simple tensile and fatigue to complicated strain hold tests. The model predicted very well under those conditions.

Stouffer, D. C.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Fault structures in rapidly quenched Ni-Mo binary alloys

Fault structures in two Ni-Mo alloy ribbons (Ni-28 at. pct Mo and Ni-35 at. pct Mo) cast by a free jet chill block melt spinning process were studied. Thin foils for TEM studies were made by electrochemical thinning using an alcohol/butyl cellosolve/perchloric acid mixture in a twin jet electropolishing device. The samples displayed typical grains containing linear faulted regions on the wheelside of the two alloy ribbons. However, an anomalous diffraction behavior was observed upon continuous tilting of the sample: the network of diffraction spots from a single grain appeared to expand or contract and rotate. This anomalous diffraction behavior was explained by assuming extended spike formation at reciprocal lattice points, resulting in a network of continuous rel rods. The validity of the model was confirmed by observations of a cross section of the reciprocal lattice parallel to the rel rods.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Constitutive modeling for single crystal superalloys

The inelastic response of single crystal gamma/gamma prime superalloys is quite different from the behavior of polycrystalline nickel base superalloys. Upto a critical temperature the yield stress of single crystal alloys is a function of the material orientation relative to the direction of the applied stress and the material exhibits significant tension/compression asymmetry. This behavior is primarily due to slip on the octahedral slip system. Above the critical temperature there is a sharp drop in the yield stress, cube slip becomes more predominant and the tension/compression asymmetry is reduced. Similar orientation and tension/compression asymmetry is observed in creep and secondary creep above the critical temperature is inferred to occur by octahedral slip. There are two exceptions to this behavior. First, loading near the (111) orientation exhibits cube slip at all temperatures, and; second, loading near the (001) orientation produces only octahedral slip at all temperatures. The constitutive model is based on separating the total global strain into elastic and inelastic components. This model is developed and briefly discussed.

Stouffer, D. C.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Microstructures in rapidly solidified Ni-Mo alloys

Ni-Mo alloys of compositions ranging from pure Ni to Ni-40 at. percent Mo were rapidly solidified by Chill Block Melt Spinning in vacuum and were examined by optical metallography, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Rapid solidification resulted in an extension of molybdenum solubility in nickel from 28 to 37.5 at. percent. A number of different phases and microstructures were seen at different depths (solidification conditions) from the quenched surface of the melt spun ribbons.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Constitutive modeling for single crystal superalloys

A crystallographic approach to constitutive modeling of single crystal superalloys is discussed. The approach is based on identifying the active slip planes and slip directions. The shear stresses are computed on each of the slip planes from applied stress components. The slip rate is then computed on each slip system and the microscopic inelastic strain rates are the sum of the slip in the individual slip systems. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element code using twenty noted isoparametric solid elements. Constants were determined for octahedral and cube slip systems. These constants were then used to predict tension-compression asymmetry and fatigue loops. Other data was used to model the tensile and creep response.

Stouffer, Donald C.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Microstructures in rapidly solidified Ni-Mo alloys

Ni-Mo alloys of compositions ranging from pure Ni to Ni-40 at % Mo were rapidly solidified by Chill Block Melt Spinning in vacuum and were examined by optical metallography, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Rapid solidification resulted in an extension of molybdenum solubility in nickel from 28 to 37.5 at %. A number of different phases and microstructures were seen at different depths (solidification conditions) from the quenched surface of the melt spun ribbons.

Jayaraman, N.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Characterization of ZrO2-Y2O3 thermal spray powder systems

The overall objective is to establish the interrelation between the raw material in the coating process and the performance of the coating deposit. It is anticipated that these interrelations will help establish more precise specifications for the procurement of the raw materials. Some of the preliminary results of the program are presented.

Mantkowski, Thomas E.↗

NASA NTRS1984

High temperature low-cycle fatigue mechanisms in single crystals of nickel-based superalloy Mar-M 200

Twenty three high temperature low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted on single crystals of the nickel-based superalloy Mar-M 200. Tests were conducted at 760 and 870 C. SEM fractography and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine mechanisms responsible for the observed orientation dependent fatigue behavior. It has been concluded that the plastic characteristics of the alloy lead to orientation-dependent strain hardening and fatigue lives at 760 C. At 870 C, the elastic characteristics of the alloy dominated the behavior, even though the plastic strain ranges were about the same as they were at 760 C. This led to orientation-dependent fatigue lives, but the trends were not the same as they were at 760 C.

Milligan, W. W.↗

NASA NTRS1984

A study of fatigue damage mechanisms in Waspaloy from 25 to 800 C

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of various microstructures on the fatigue and damage accumulation behavior of Waspaloy, a nickel-base alloy commonly used in aircraft engines. Shearing was the dominant deformation mode in specimens with coarse grains and small (50-80 A) gamma prime particles, whereas Orowan looping was dominant in fine-grained specimens with large (about 900 A) gamma prime particles. At temperatures up to 500 C, cracks initiated transgranularly, while at 800 C the failure process was intergranular for both coarse-grained and fine-grained specimens. At temperatures above 500 C, a significant decrease in the fatigue life was observed for both coarse-grained and fine-grained material.

Lerch, B. A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Low cycle fatigue of MAR-M 200 single crystals at 760 and 870 deg C

Fully reversed low cycle fatigue tests were conducted on single crystals of the nickel-base superalloys Mar-M 200 at 760 C and 870 C. At 760 C, planar slip (octahedral) lead to orientation-dependent strain hardening and cyclic lives. Multiple slip crystals strain hardened the most, resulting in relatively high stress ranges and low lives. Single slip crystals strain hardened the least, resulting in relatively low stress ranges and higher lives. A preferential crack initiation site which was related to slip plane geometry was observed in single slip orientated crystals. At 870 C, the trends were quite different, and the slip character was much more homogeneous. As the tensile axis orientation deviated from 001 , the stress ranges increased and the cyclic lives decreased. Two possible mechanisms were proposed to explain the behavior: one is based on Takeuchi and Kuramoto's cube cross-slip model, and the other is based on orientation-dependent creep rates.

Milligan, W. W.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Metallurgical instabilities during the high temperature low cycle fatigue of nickel-base superalloys

An investigation is made of the microstructural instabilities that affect the high temperature low cycle fatigue (LCF) life of nickel-base superalloys. Crack initiation processes, provoked by the formation of carbides and the coarsening of the grains of the material at high temperatures are discussed. Experimental results are examined, and it is concluded that LCF behavior can be understood more fully only if details of the material and its dynamic behavior at high temperatures are considered. The effects of high stress, dislocation debris, and increasing environmental damage on the life of the alloy are discussed.

Antolovich, S. D.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The effect of microstructure on the fatigue behavior of Ni base superalloys

Nickel-base superalloys are used in jet engine components such as disks, turbine blades, and vanes. Improvements in the fatigue behavior will allow the life to be extended or the payloads to be increased. The first part of the present investigation deals primarily with the effects of microstructural variations on the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of nickel-base alloys, while the second part is concerned with low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Ni base systems. Waspaloy at low temperature is considered, taking into account material heat treatment and test procedures, a composite plot of Waspaloy FCP data, Paris law fatigue crack propagation constants, monotonic tensile data, and overload FCP test results for Waspaloy. It is found that the FCP and overload behavior of nickel-base alloys may be markedly improved by heat treating. Attention is given to effects of cyclic deformation on microstructure and substructure, environmental damage, and an environmental/deformation model of high temperature LCF.

Antolovich, S. D.↗