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Liang, Liang

Publications and source records attributed to Liang, Liang.

Improving 2D Schottky contacts using an intralayer strategy

An additional insulating layer between the electrode and semiconductor is beneficial to reduce the interfacial coupling and build two-dimensional (2D) Schottky contacts. Here, an intralayer strategy was proposed by using metallic 2D Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ (BSCCO) as contacts on 2D semiconductors. Inside a BSCCO monolayer, a conductive layer is sandwiched between insulating layers. Thus, the BSCCO contact has its own insulating layer, which is ultra-thin, single crystalline, and of high quality. This native layer could reduce the metal-induced gap state and thus weaken the interfacial Fermi level pinning effect. Such 2D Schottky diodes thus have barrier heights of 300 mV and a rectification ratio of 104. Furthermore, 2D metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors with BSCCO Schottky gate have a high on-off ratio, low leakage current, and low subthreshold swing value near the theoretical limit. The intralayer structure offers a new approach to improve the 2D Schottky junctions and has prospects in 2D electronics and optoelectronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND

Osmosensor-mediated control of Ca 2+ spiking in pollen germination

Higher plants survive terrestrial water deficiency and fluctuation by arresting cellular activities (dehydration) and resuscitating processes (rehydration). However, how plants monitor water availability during rehydration is unknown. Although increases in hypo-osmolarity-induced cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration (HOSCA) have long been postulated to be the mechanism for sensing hypo-osmolarity in rehydration, the molecular basis remains unknown. Because osmolarity triggers membrane tension and the osmosensing specificity of osmosensing channels can only be determined in vivo, these channels have been classified as a subtype of mechanosensors. Here we identify bona fide cell surface hypo-osmosensors in Arabidopsis and find that pollen Ca 2+ spiking is controlled directly by water through these hypo-osmosensors—that is, Ca 2+ spiking is the second messenger for water status. We developed a functional expression screen in Escherichia coli for hypo-osmosensitive channels and identified OSCA2.1, a member of the hyperosmolarity-gated calcium-permeable channel (OSCA) family of proteins. We screened single and high-order OSCA mutants, and observed that the osca2.1/osca2.2 double-knockout mutant was impaired in pollen germination and HOSCA. OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 function as hypo-osmosensitive Ca 2+ -permeable channels in planta and in HEK293 cells. Decreasing osmolarity of the medium enhanced pollen Ca 2+ oscillations, which were mediated by OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 and required for germination. OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 convert extracellular water status into Ca 2+ spiking in pollen and may serve as essential hypo-osmosensors for tracking rehydration in plants.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Learning the Rhythm of the Seasons in the Face of Global Change: Phenological Research in the 21st Century

Phenology is the study of recurring life-cycle events, of which classic examples include flowering by plants as well as animal migration. Phenological responses are increasingly relevant for addressing applied environmental issues. Yet, challenges remain with respect to spanning scales of observation, integrating observations across taxa, and modeling phenological sequences to enable ecological forecasts in light of future climate change. Recent advances that are helping to address these challenges include refined landscape-scale phenology estimates from satellite data, advanced instrument-based approaches for field measurements, and new cyber-infrastructure for archiving and distribution of products. These advances are aiding in diverse areas including modeling land-surface exchange, evaluating climate-phenology relationships, and aiding land management decisions.

Morisette, Jeffrey T.