Atomic oxygen density determination in the effluent of the COST reference source using in situ effective lifetime measurements in the presence of a liquid interface
Abstract Spatially resolved, absolute densities of atomic oxygen are measured for several helium-based admixtures in the effluent of the COST Reference Microplasma Jet using two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF). Admixtures investigated include a helium-only admixture, four helium/oxygen admixtures (0.1 % , 0.5 % , 0.6 % , and 1.0 % oxygen), and a helium/water admixture (2500 ppm water), chosen to coincide with previously published characterizations of plasma-treated liquid. The atomic oxygen TALIF signal is calibrated for density using the noble gas xenon, which possesses a very similar two-photon excitation and fluorescence scheme. Measurements are conducted for the jet operating in ambient air with both an open effluent and a liquid surface present, allowing for comparison with liquid phase measurements conducted under similar conditions. The presence of a water surface does not appear to alter the background chemistry in the effluent but reduces O densities close to the liquid interface when compared to a similar distance from the nozzle in an open effluent case. This may be the result of a reduction in flow velocity caused by the liquid obstructing the gas flow. Additionally, measurements near the liquid surface revealed a region of atomic oxygen well outside of where the core of the effluent impinges on the liquid. This is likely relevant for applications as it considerably expands the surface area subject to O absorption. Critically, in situ measurements of the effective lifetimes of the laser-excited 3p 3 P J state of atomic oxygen were recorded in the effluent by employing a picosecond (ps) laser and a nanosecond (ns) ICCD. By experimentally determining the contribution from collisional quenching via the in situ effective lifetime measurements, significant improvements in the accuracy of the atomic oxygen density calibration were made, with differences of approximately 30 % from existing methods of estimating quenching rates at atmospheric pressure. Finally, spatially resolved atomic oxygen densities allow for an investigation of O formation and extinction pathways in the effluent and a comparison between admixtures.