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Paloski, William

Publications and source records attributed to Paloski, William.

Artificial Intelligence Software for Assessing Postural Stability

A software package reads and analyzes pressure distributions from sensors mounted under a person's feet. Pressure data from sensors mounted in shoes, or in a platform, can be used to provide a description of postural stability (assessing competence to deficiency) and enables the determination of the person's present activity (running, walking, squatting, falling). This package has three parts: a preprocessing algorithm for reading input from pressure sensors; a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is used to determine the person's present activity and level of sensing-motor competence; and a suite of graphical algorithms, which allows visual representation of the person's activity and vestibular function over time.

Lieberman, Erez

Medical Monitoring during Short Radius Centrifugation in Bed-rested Subjects

The artificial gravity pilot project was designed to investigate the efficacy of daily exposure to a Gz acceleration gradient for counteracting the physiologic decrements induced by prolonged bed rest. A short radius centrifuge was used to produce a Gz gradient such that 1 g was applied at the level of the subject s heart and 2.5 g at the feet. For inclusion in the study, subjects were required to complete a 75-minute screening spin on the centrifuge. During the study, each active treatment subject was scheduled for a 60-minute spin each day for 20 consecutive days. During centrifugation, subjects were continuously monitored by a physician for signs and symptoms of pre-syncope, motion sickness, arrhythmias, joint/muscle pain and any other unanticipated problems. The physician was also present to provide emergency care in the case of a medical emergency. Cameras mounted on the centrifuge were used to provide a means of observing the subject s face and torso. Audio communication was continuously maintained. Other monitoring tools included two-lead EKG tracings, pulse oximetry, intermittent sphygmomanometer readings, lights in the peripheral visual field, and continuous blood pressure readout from a tonometry device. Thirty screening runs were attempted using twenty-seven subjects. Seven of these runs were terminated early for symptoms of pre-syncope, motion sickness, or GI distress. A total of eight subjects completed the active treatment arm of the study. Of the 160 centrifuge runs that were scheduled for these eight treatment subjects, 152 were completed, seven were terminated early, and one was not attempted. Of the seven early terminations, four were related to symptoms of pre-syncope, one to leg pain, one to GI discomfort, and one to equipment failure. Three terminations for adverse symptoms occurred on the first treatment day. Three terminations occurred on day nineteen of treatment and within 24 hours after scheduled soleus and quadriceps muscle biopsies. We have summarized the relative usefulness of the information obtained by the various monitoring modalities in making a decision to terminate a centrifuge run. The video and audio communication information was essential to the decision-making process. Heart rate and EKG tracings are considered valuable, even though no spins were terminated due to significant arrhythmias. The tonometer device was generally not reliable in this application. Our observations suggest that subjects may be less tolerant of centrifugation just after starting bed rest and after invasive procedures.

Reinertson, Randal

Physics of Artificial Gravity

This chapter discusses potential technologies for achieving artificial gravity in a space vehicle. We begin with a series of definitions and a general description of the rotational dynamics behind the forces ultimately exerted on the human body during centrifugation, such as gravity level, gravity gradient, and Coriolis force. Human factors considerations and comfort limits associated with a rotating environment are then discussed. Finally, engineering options for designing space vehicles with artificial gravity are presented.

Bukley, Angie

History of Artificial Gravity

This chapter reviews the past and current projects on artificial gravity during space missions. The idea of a rotating wheel-like space station providing artificial gravity goes back in the writings of Tsiolkovsky, Noordung, and Wernher von Braun. Its most famous fictional representation is in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which also depicts spin-generated artificial gravity aboard a space station and a spaceship bound for Jupiter. The O Neill-type space colony provides another classic illustration of this technique. A more realistic approach to rotating the space station is to provide astronauts with a smaller centrifuge contained within a spacecraft. The astronauts would go into it for a workout, and get their gravity therapeutic dose for a certain period of time, daily or a few times a week. This simpler concept is current being tested during ground-based studies in several laboratories around the world.

Clement, Gilles

Physiological Targets of Artificial Gravity: The Sensory-Motor System

This chapter describes the pros and cons of artificial gravity applications in relation to human sensory-motor functioning in space. Spaceflight creates a challenge for sensory-motor functions that depend on gravity, which include postural balance, locomotion, eye-hand coordination, and spatial orientation. The sensory systems, and in particular the vestibular system, must adapt to weightlessness on entering orbit, and again to normal gravity upon return to Earth. During this period of adaptation, which persists beyond the actual gravity-level transition itself the sensory-motor systems are disturbed. Although artificial gravity may prove to be beneficial for the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems, it may well have negative side effects for the neurovestibular system, such as spatial disorientation, malcoordination, and nausea.

Paloski, William

Recommended Research on Artificial Gravity

Based on the summaries presented in the above sections of what is still to be learned on the effects of artificial gravity on human functions, this chapter will discuss the short- and long-term steps of research required to understand fundamentals and to validate operational aspects of using artificial gravity as an effective countermeasure for long-duration space travel.

Vernikos, Joan

The Gravity of the Situation

Prolonged exposure in humans to a microgravity environment can lead to significant loss of bone and muscle mass, cardiovascular and sensory-motor deconditioning, and hormonal changes. These adaptive changes to weightlessness present a formidable obstacle to human exploration of space, particularly for missions requiring travel times of several months or more, such as on a trip to Mars. Countermeasures that address each of these body systems separately show only limited success. One possible remedy for this situation is artificial gravity, because it tackles all these systems across the board.

Paloski, William