Observation of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows and their mesoscale environment by radar, instrumented aircraft, and a dense radiosonde network.
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Hardy, K. R.↗
Engineering topics
Reed, R. J.
Publications and source records attributed to Reed, R. J..
A case study of persistent, intense, clear air turbulence in an upper level frontal zone.
Widespread and persistent clear air turbulence (CAT) occurred over the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. between New York and South Carolina on 18 March 1969. The major synoptic features and a qualitative discussion of the factors contributing to the development of the large vertical wind shears associated with the turbulence are presented. The turbulent region in the vicinity of Wallops Island, Va., was probed with a NASA T-33 research aircraft and with sensitive radars. The clear air radar echoes and the most intense turbulence occurred principally within an upper level frontal zone of about 2 km depth which was produced by the confluence of two currents of widely different origin.
Reed, R. J.↗
Wave patterns and clear air turbulence.
Two cases of CAT in which the turbulence was apparently associated with Kelvin-Helmholtz billows are discussed. In the first case, long waves embedded in the mean flow appeared to modify a deep shear layer and produce local regions of enhanced shear, which subsequently gave rise to billow development. In the second case, the billows formed near the lower boundary of a strong baroclinic zone. In both cases, moderate CAT was encountered by T-33 aircraft, and the clear air structures were discernible with a sensitive 10.7-cm wavelength radar.
Hardy, K. R.↗