Engineering organisms resistant to viruses and horizontally transferred genetic elements
Organisms resistant to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and compositions and methods of use thereof are provided. The organisms are typically genomically recoded organisms (GRO), typically cells, having a genome in which at least one endogenous codon has been eliminated by reassignment of the codon to a synonymous or non-synonymous codon. The GRO typically include a recombinant expression construct for expression of at least one element of a ribosomal rescue pathway, typically lacking the eliminated codon. Typically, the disclosed cells are resistant to completed transfer and/or expression of a horizontally transferred genetic element (HTGE) from another organism compared a corresponding cell having a genome wherein the eliminated codon has not been eliminated. In some embodiments, the organism from which the HTGE is being transferred is a bacterium or a virus.