Engineering topics

Roberts, Barney B.

Publications and source records attributed to Roberts, Barney B..

At least 19 records

NASA NTRS1994

Dual-use technologies for the mining, processing, and energy industries

Over the years, NASA has utilized several approaches towards transferring space technologies into the private sectors. Some of these approaches have been successful, others have had mixed results. The conventional approach usually involves identifying advanced NASA technologies and then searching for applications. Some approaches involve joint sponsorship, but mostly focus on technologies for space. The greatest success has occurred when market forces are used to determine technology initiatives. This paper describes an unconventional approach that was structured to drive out customer requirements for advanced technologies where NASA is also a customer on par with others. The approach used herein is best described as entrepreneurial deal-making. This approach is new and is working very well so far, but it is still too early, and the process is too immature, for quantitative evaluation of success. However, it is appropriate to share these experiences at this time in order to obtain feedback and improve our chances for success. In the needs identification stage, NASA is one of many users (customers), and in the subsequent development stage, NASA is one of many suppliers along with industry, academia, and other government organizations. This specific characteristic of the approach was a primary goal that was incorporated from inception. It was the viewpoint of the instigators (the authors) that if the activity was customer focused, it would: (1) have a higher probability for success since it will be driven by those who will reap the benefits; (2) be able to advocate and promote action if necessary, since it would be founded outside the federal government; (3) not be self-perpetuating; that is, if no common need could be found that had a reasonable return on investment, it would self-destruct; and (4) have increased stability from a broader base of support and not be dependent on NASA being the principal funding source. To date, the workshop activities have identified a collection of potential customers in NASA, other federal government, private industry, and academia who have common needs for advanced technologies.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Rover requirements for the planet surface segment of the space exploration initiative

Annotated requirements for rovers to be used for the First Lunar Outpost (FLO) of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) and for Mars missions are presented. The requirements are presented in the form of functions as opposed to performance. SEI surface systems will be required to execute many roving vehicle functions ranging from transporting humans to recovery and transporting raw materials to a processing plant. Some of the roving vehicles will be highly automated. These automation functions may include the following: teleoperated site survey and certification; teleoperation for repair; autonomous operations for resource location and mining; autonomous navigation and terrain traverse; and telerobotic scientific investigations. These requirements are complex, contradictory, and will be costly if they are not carefully analyzed and properly allocated to conceptual elements. Of greatest importance will be the iterative analysis of requirements and synergistic utilization of vehicle elements.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

A U.S. perspective on the human exploration and expansion on the planet Mars

A NASA perspective on the human exploration of Mars is presented which is based on the fundamental background available from the many previous studies. A hypothetical architecture of the Mars surface system is described which represents the complete spectrum of envisioned activities. Using the Strategic Implementation Architecture it is possible to construct a thoughtful roadmap which would enable a logical and flexible evolution of missions. Based on that architecture a suite of Martian surface elements is proposed to provide increasing levels of capability to the maturing infrastructure.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Options for a lunar base surface architecture

The Planet Surface Systems Office at the NASA Johnson Space Center has participated in an analysis of the Space Exploration Initiative architectures described in the Synthesis Group report. This effort involves a Systems Engineering and Integration effort to define point designs for evolving lunar and Mars bases that support substantial science, exploration, and resource production objectives. The analysis addresses systems-level designs; element requirements and conceptual designs; assessments of precursor and technology needs; and overall programmatics and schedules. This paper focuses on the results of the study of the Space Resource Utilization Architecture. This architecture develops the capability to extract useful materials from the indigenous resources of the Moon and Mars. On the Moon, a substantial infrastructure is emplaced which can support a crew of up to twelve. Two major process lines are developed: one produces oxygen, ceramics, and metals; the other produces hydrogen, helium, and other volatiles. The Moon is also used for a simulation of a Mars mission. Significant science capabilities are established in conjunction with resource development. Exploration includes remote global surveys and piloted sorties of local and regional areas. Science accommodations include planetary science, astronomy, and biomedical research. Greenhouses are established to provide a substantial amount of food needs.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Strategic approaches to planetary base development

The evolutionary development of a planetary expansionary outpost is considered in the light of both technical and economic issues. The outline of a partnering taxonomy is set forth which encompasses both institutional and temporal issues related to establishing shared interests and investments. The purely technical issues are discussed in terms of the program components which include nonaerospace technologies such as construction engineering. Five models are proposed in which partnership and autonomy for participants are approached in different ways including: (1) the standard customer/provider relationship; (2) a service-provider scenario; (3) the joint venture; (4) a technology joint-development model; and (5) a redundancy model for reduced costs. Based on the assumed characteristics of planetary surface systems the cooperative private/public models are championed with coordinated design by NASA to facilitate outside cooperation.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Baseline program

This assumed program was developed from several sources of information and is extrapolated over future decades using a set of reasonable assumptions based on incremental growth. The assumptions for the NASA baseline program are as follows: balanced emphasis in four domains; a constant level of activity; low to moderate real budget growth; maximum use of commonality; and realistic and practical technology development. The first domain is low Earth Orbit (LEO). Activities there are concentrated on the space station but extend on one side to Earth-pointing sensors for unmanned platforms and on the other to the launch and staging of unmanned solar system exploration missions. The second domain is geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) and cislunar space. Activities here include all GEO missions and operations, both unmanned and manned, and all transport of materials and crews between LEO and the vicinity of the Moon. The third domain is the Moon itself. Lunar activities are to include both orbiting and landing missions; the landings may be either unmanned or manned. The last domain is Mars. Missions to Mars will initially be unmanned but they will eventually be manned. Program elements and descriptions are discussed as are critiques of the NASA baseline.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Alternative scenarios utilizing nonterrestrial resources

A collection of alternative scenarios that are enabled or substantially enhanced by the utilization of nonterrestrial resources is provided. We take a generalized approach to scenario building so that our report will have value in the context of whatever goals are eventually chosen. Some of the topics covered include the following: lunar materials processing; asteroid mining; lunar resources; construction of a large solar power station; solar dynamic power for the space station; reduced gravity; mission characteristics and options; and tourism.

Eldred, Charles H.↗

NASA NTRS1992

A vision for planetary exploration

A vision for planetary exploration is proposed which combines historical perspective and current NASA studies with the realities of changing political climates, economic environments, and technological directions. The concepts of Strategic Implementation Architectures (SIA), Open System Infrastructure Standards (OSIS), and Minimum Service Level Infrastructure (MSLI) are presented in order to propose a structure for the SEI which allows the realization of incremental mission objectives, establishes an investment strategy that efficiently uses public resources, and encourages partnerships with the government. The SIA is a hypothetical master plan which will allow the implementation of the complete spectrum of envisioned system capabilities for planetary exploration. OSIS consists of standards for interconnection, interoperability, and administration. MSLI can be defined as the minimum level of services provided by the system that are not justified by profit or parochial motives.

Connolly, John F.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Options for a lunar base surface architecture

The analysis of the Space Exploration Initiative architectures involves making definitions of systems engineering designs for the construction of lunar and Mars bases for the support of science, exploration, and resource production on these planets. This paper discusses the results of the Space Resource Utilization Architecture study, which was initiated to develop the technical capability for extracting useful materials from the indigenous resources of the moon and Mars. For the moon, an infrastructure concept of a base is designed which can support a crew of 12. The major phases of the lunar-base development, the systems and the elements involved, and the physical layout and evolution of the base are described.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A taxonomy for the evolution of human settlements on the moon and Mars

A proposed structure is described for partnerships with shared interests and investments to develop the technology and approach for evolutionary surface systems for the moon and Mars. Five models are presented for cooperation with specific references to the technical evolutionary path of the surface systems. The models encompass the standard customer/provider relationship, a concept for exclusive government use, a joint venture with a government-sponsored non-SEI market, a technology joint-development approach, and a redundancy model to insure competitive pricing. The models emphasize the nonaerospace components of the settlement technologies and the decentralized nature of surface systems that make the project suitable for private industrial development by several companies. It is concluded that the taxonomy be considered when examining collaborative opportunities for lunar and Martian settlement.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1991

NASA evolution of exploration architectures

A series of charts and diagrams is used to provide a detailed overview of the evolution of NASA space exploration architectures. The pre-Apollo programs including the Werner von Braun feasibility study are discussed and the evolution of the Apollo program itself is treated in detail. The post-Apollo era is reviewed and attention is given to the resurgence of strategic planning exemplified by both ad hoc and formal efforts at planning. Results of NASA's study of the main elements of the Space Exploration Initiative which examined technical scenarios, science opportunities, required technologies, international considerations, institutional strengths and needs, and resource estimates are presented. The 90-day study concludes that, among other things, major investments in challenging technologies are required, the scientific opportunities provided by the program are considerable, current launch capabilities are inadequate, and Space Station Freedom is essential.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A surface systems architecture for an evolutionary lunar base

The NASA Office of Exploration has completed a Systems Engineering and Integration effort to define a point design for an evolving lunar base that supports substantial science, exploration, and resource production objectives. This study addressed systems level design; element requirements and conceptual designs; assessments of precursor and technology needs, and operations concepts. The central base is assumed to be located equatorially on the lunar nearside north of the crater Moltke in Mare Tranquillitatis. The study considers an aggressive case with three main phases. The initial Man-Tended Phase establishes basic enabling facilities that include a modular habitat that periodically houses a crew of four. During the Experimental Phase the base becomes permanently manned with the construction of a larger habitat that provides augmented workshop and laboratory volumes and housing for crew. The Operational Phase expands base capabilities to a substantially mature level while reducing reliance on earth.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Aerobraking orbital transfer vehicle

An aerobraking orbital transfer vehicle which includes an aerobraking device which also serves as a heat shield in the shape of a raked-off elliptic or circular cone with a circular or elliptical base, and with an ellipsoid or other blunt shape nose. The aerobraking device is fitted with a toroid-like skirt and is integral with the support structure of the propulsion system and other systems of the space vehicle. The vehicle is intended to be transported in components to a space station in lower earth orbit where it is assembled for use as a transportation system from low earth orbit to geosynchronous earth orbit and return. Conventional guidance means are included for autonomous flight.

Scott, Carl D.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Technology for manned Mars flight

It is important for NASA to begin development of the technologies and strategies necessary to support a Mars mission. Most of the technologies required are long lead time items and must be started now to preserve the option for Mars landings at the turn of the century. It is a common assumption that a piloted mission to Mars could be accomplished with current technology. Although this is probably true to some degree, the mass in low earth orbit would be so large that the mission would be impractical and maybe impossible. Technologies for advanced propulsion, advanced life support systems, aerobraking, and utilization of in situ resources can greatly enhance the ability to execute this class of mission.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Options for the human settlement of the moon and Mars

The evolutionary approach to space development is discussed in the framework of three overall strategies encompassing four case studies. The first strategy, human expeditions, places emphasis on highly visible, near-term manned missions to Mars or to one of the two moons of Mars. These expeditions are similar in scope and objectives to the Apollo program, with infrastructure development only conducted to the degree necessary to support one or two short-duration trips. Two such expeditionary scenarios, one to Phobus and the other to the Mars surface, are discussed. The second strategy involves the construction of science outposts, and emphasizes scientific exploration as well as investigation of technologies and operations needed for permanent habitation. A third strategy, evolutionary expansion, would explore and settle the inner solar system in a series of steps, with continued development of technologies, experience, and infrastructure.

Fairchild, Kyle O.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Strategies for a permanent lunar base

Three objectives are stated for activities at a proposed manned lunar base. One objective is scientific investigation of the moon and its environment and the application of special properties of the moon to research problems. Another objective would be to produce the capability of using the materials of the moon for beneficial purposes throughout the earth-moon system. The third objective is to conduct research and development leading to a self-sufficient and self-supporting lunar base, the first extraterrestrial human colony. The potential benefits to earth deriving from these moon-based activities, such as technology development and realization, as well as growing industrialization of near-earth space, are addressed.

Duke, Michael B.↗

NASA NTRS1988

A transportation system for routine visits to Mars

A conceptual transportation system designed for routing visits to Mars is described. The system is planned to provide routine support for a base population of roughly 20 people on Mars. The system utilizes in situ resource production to support Mars missions and generates artificial gravity while delivering additional consumables. The system uses cycling space stations for support. Possible lunar resource capabilities, taxi vehicles, and technology and human issues are examined.

Roberts, Barney B.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Martian settlement

The rationale for a manned Mars mission and the establishment of a base is divided into three areas: science, resource utilization, and strategic issues. The effects of a Mars mission on the objectives of near-term NASA programs, and the applications of these programs to a Mars mission are examined. The use of extraterrestrial resources to supply space settlements and thereby reduce transportation costs is studied; the development of systems for extraterrestrial materials processing will need to be researched. The possibility of a joint U.S./Soviet Mars mission is discussed by the symposium participants.

Roberts, Barney B.↗