Search NASASearch

Engineering topics

Robinson, Michael B.

Publications and source records attributed to Robinson, Michael B..

Studies of Nucleation and Growth, Specific Heat and Viscosity of Undercooled Melts of Quasicrystal and Polytetrahedral-Phase Forming Alloys

From extensive ground based work on the phase diagram and undercooling studies of Ti-Zr-Ni alloys, have clearly identified the composition of three different phases with progressively increasing polytetrahedral order such as, (Ti/Zr), the C14 Laves phase, and the i-phase, that nucleate directly from the undercooled liquid. The reduced undercooling decreases progressively with increasing polytetrahedral order in the solid, supporting Frank s hypothesis. A new facility for direct measurements of the structures and phase transitions in undercooled liquids (BESL) was developed and has provided direct proof of the primary nucleation of a metastable icosahedral phase in some Ti-Zr-Ni alloys. The first measurements of specific heat and viscosity in the undercooled liquid of this alloy system have been completed. Other than the importance of thermo-physical properties for modeling nucleation and growth processes in these materials, these studies have also revealed some interesting new results (such as a maximum of C(sup q, sub p) in the undercooled state). These ground-based results have clearly established the necessary background and the need for conducting benchmark nucleation experiments at the ISS on this alloy system.

Kelton, K. F.

Studies of Nucleation, Growth, Specific Heat, and Viscosity of Undercooled Melts of Quasicrystals and Polytetrahedral-Phase-Forming Alloys

Undercooling experiments and thermal physical property measurements of metallic alloys on the International Space Station (ISS) are planned. This recently-funded research focuses on fundamental issues of the formation and structure of highly-ordered non-crystallographic phases (quasicrystals) and related crystal phases (crystal approximants), and the connections between the atomic structures of these phases and those of liquids and glasses. It extends studies made previously by us of the composition dependence of crystal nucleation processes in silicate and metallic glasses, to the case of nucleation from the liquid phase. Motivating results from rf-levitation and drop-tube measurements of the undercooling of Ti/Zr-based liquids that form quasicrystals and crystal approximants are discussed. Preliminary measurements by electrostatic levitation (ESL) are presented.

Kelton, K. F.

Solidification Studies from the Electrostatic Levitation System at the Marshall Space Flight Center

Electrostatic levitation (ESL) provides a means to study molten materials in a high-purity environment, free from contact with a container. Many phenomena important to materials science can be studied in the ESL. Solidification of metals, alloys and undercooled materials represent an important topic for research in the ESL. Recent studies of metals and alloys during solidification in the ESL are reported. Measurements include time, temperature and transformation of metallic glass-forming alloys, solidification velocities, and microstructure,

Rogers, Jan R.

The Electrostatic Levitation Facility at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center

Containerless processing is an important area of research in materials science. Electrostatic levitation (ESL) represents an emerging technology which permits containerless processing in a vacuum environment. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) established a levitation facility to provide a critical resource to the microgravity materials science research community to continue and enhance ground-based research in the support of the development of flight experiments during the transition to Space Station. During ESL processing, charged specimens are levitated in the electrostatic field produced by the system's electrodes. Three sets of positioning electrodes represent the heart of the MSFC system. Two dual-axis position sensitive detectors provide input for the PID control-loop computer. Sample position is maintained by adjusting the control voltages for the power supplies of the positioning electrodes. A UV source refreshes the charge on specimens during processing via the photoelectric effect. Lasers permit sample heating independent of positioning. The processing chamber typically operates under vacuum condition approximately = 10(exp -7) Torr. Electrostatic levitation provides a materials science research tool for investigations of refractory solids and melts. Topics of investigation include thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable phase formation, undercooling and nucleation, time-temperature-transformation diagrams and other aspects of materials processing. Current capabilities and recent results of processing studies for metals, alloys and oxides will be reviewed.

Rogers, Jan R.

An Overview of the Electrostatic Levitation Facility at Nasa's Marshall Space Flight Center

Containerless processing represents an important area of research in microgravity materials science. This method provides access to the metastable state of an undercooled melt. Containerless processing provides a high-purity environment for the study of reactive, high-temperature materials. Reduced gravity affords several benefits for containerless processing; for example, greatly reduced positioning forces are required and therefore samples of greater mass can be studied. Additionally, in reduced gravity larger specimens will maintain spherical shape which will facilitate modeling efforts. Space Systems/LORAL developed an Electrostatic Containerless Processing System (ESCAPES) as a materials science research tool for investigations of refractory solids and melts. ESCAPES is designed for the investigation of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable phase formation, undercooling and nucleation, time-temperature-transformation diagrams, and other aspects of materials processing. These capabilities are critical to the research programs of several Principal Investigators supported by the Microgravity Materials Science Program of NASA. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) recently acquired the ESCAPES system from LORAL. MSFC is now developing a levitation facility in order to provide a critical resource to the microgravity materials science research community and to continue and enhance ground-based research in the support of the development of flight experiments during the transition to Space Station.

Rogers, Jan R.

Droplet Growth in Undercooled Cu-Co Alloys

High undercooling usually leads to the refinement of microstructures, while an opposite tendency occurs in liquid immiscible alloys. In the Cu-Co system, there is a metastable liquid miscibility gap which may allow the study of droplet nucleation and growth by undercooling experiments. In the present work, two alloys of Cu50Co50 and Cu68Co32 (atomic) were undercooled using a melt fluxing technique in which the liquid separation temperature could be directly measured. It was observed that after separation the resultant melts were further undercooled by 315 K prior to solidification. The relationship between the largest droplet radius and undercooling was found to exhibit three regimes: a power law growth, linear growth, and saturation stage. In addition to dendrites and droplet-like morphology reported previously, an interconnected structure was formed for the Cu50Co50 alloy at intermediate undercooling. It played a crucial role in droplet coarsening at high undercooling.

Robinson, Michael B.

A Study of Undercooling Behavior Of Immiscible Metal Alloys in the Absence of Crucible-Induced Nucleation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the question: Would eliminating the crucible eliminate the wall-induced nucleation of one of the liquid phases in an immiscible alloy and result in undercooling of the liquid into the metastable region thereby producing significant differences in the separation process and the microstructure upon solidification. Another primary objective of this research is to study systems with a metastable miscibility gap and to directly determine the metastable liquid miscibility gap by undercooling experiments. Nucleation and growth of droplets in these undercooled metallic liquid-liquid mixtures is also being studied. Results of this investigation indicate that containerless processing of immiscibles may not promote the undercooling of the single-phase liquid into the metastable region. Although no recalescence event was observed for this liquid-liquid transition, undercooling did occur across the miscibility gap for the solidification of the Ti phase that eventually separated.

Robinson, Michael B.

An Overview of the Electrostatic Levitation Facility at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center

Containerless processing represents an important area of research in microgravity materials science. This method provides access to the metastable state of an undercooled melt. Containerless processing provides a high-purity environment for the study of reactive, high-temperature materials. Reduced gravity affords several benefits for containerless processing, for example greatly reduced positioning forces are required and therefore samples of greater mass can be studied. Additionally in reduced gravity, larger specimens will maintain spherical shape which will facilitate modeling efforts. Space Systems/LORAL developed an Electrostatic Containerless Processing System (ESCAPES) as a materials science research tool for investigations of refractory solids and melts. ESCAPES is designed for the investigation of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable phase formation, undercooling and nucleation, time-temperature- transformation diagrams and other aspects of materials processing. These capabilities are critical to the research programs of several Principal Investigators supported by the Microgravity Materials Science Program of NASA. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) recently acquired the ESCAPES system from LORAL. MSFC is now developing a levitation facility to provide a critical resource to the microgravity materials science research community to continue and enhance ground-based research in the support of the development of flight experiments during the transition to Space Station.

Rogers, Jan R.

Containerless Processing in Reduced Gravity Using the TEMPUS Facility

Containerless processing provides a high purity environment for the study of high-temperature, very reactive materials. It is an important method which provides access to the metastable state of an undercooled melt. In the absence of container walls, the nucleation rate is greatly reduced and undercooling up to (Tm-Tn)/Tm approx. 0.2 can be obtained, where Tm and Tn are the melting and nucleation temperatures, respectively. Electromagnetic levitation represents a method particularly well-suited for the study of metallic melts. The TEMPUS facility is a research instrument designed to perform electromagnetic levitation studies in reduced gravity. It provides temperatures up to 2600 C, levitation of several grams of material and access to the undercooled state for an extended period of time (up to hours).

Roger, Jan R.

The Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility

The structural and instrumentation hardware and the improved experimental capabilities of a 105-m Drop Tube Facility are described. The structure is designed to provide a high-vacuum facility in a vertical orientation. The low-gravity environment obtained during free-fall and the containerless materials processing capabilities are discussed. Two furnaces, an electron-beam and an electromagnetic levitator, are used to melt metallic samples in a process environment ranging from 10 to the -6th torr to 1 atm. Specifics of the vacuum control and gas delivery systems are provided. The experimental instrumentation and data acquisition systems used to perform predrop and in-flight measurements of the melting and solidification process are discussed. Typical experimental results are presented as an indicator of the performance of the Drop Tube Facility.

Rathz, Thomas J.

The NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center drop tube user's manual

A comprehensive description of the structural and instrumentation hardware and the experimental capabilities of the 105-meter Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility is given. This document is to serve as a guide to the investigator who wishes to perform materials processing experiments in the Drop Tube. Particular attention is given to the Tube's hardware to which an investigator must interface to perform experiments. This hardware consists of the permanent structural hardware (with such items as vacuum flanges), and the experimental hardware (with the furnaces and the sample insertion devices). Two furnaces, an electron-beam and an electromagnetic levitator, are currently used to melt metallic samples in a process environment that can range from 10(exp -6) Torr to 1 atmosphere. Details of these furnaces, the processing environment gases/vacuum, the electrical power, and data acquisition capabilities are specified to allow an investigator to design his/her experiment to maximize successful results and to reduce experimental setup time on the Tube. Various devices used to catch samples while inflicting minimum damage and to enhance turnaround time between experiments are described. Enough information is provided to allow an investigator who wishes to build his/her own furnace or sample catch devices to easily interface it to the Tube. The experimental instrumentation and data acquisition systems used to perform pre-drop and in-flight measurements of the melting and solidification process are also detailed. Typical experimental results are presented as an indicator of the type of data that is provided by the Drop Tube Facility. A summary bibliography of past Drop Tube experiments is provided, and an appendix explaining the noncontact temperature determination of free-falling drops is provided. This document is to be revised occasionally as improvements to the Facility are made and as the summary bibliography grows.

Rathz, Thomas J.

Review of drop tube and drop tower facilities and research

Drop tubes and drop towers providing the capability for performing low-gravity materials experiments in an earth-based laboratory are described. Although processing times are short, the experiments can be reproduced easily and economically. These facilities can be used as precursors to space flight programs or can be self-sufficient, without the need for more advanced processing.

Robinson, Michael B.

Apparatus ad method for quiescent containerless processing of high temperature metals and alloys in low gravity

The electron bombardment furnace consists of two confinement grid sections which may be moved and separated from each other. Inside the bombardment furnace, a tungsten element is enclosed. The material specimen is located within the tungsten element and grounded by means of grounded support wires connected to the respective sections of the furnace. The material specimen is supported on the ground wires and heated by electron bombardment until melt occurs. The furnace sections are separated in opposite directions causing the ground wires to pull from the surfaces of the specimen, leaving the specimen freely suspended in the process chamber without the action of external forces. The specimen remains in its melt condition in the processing chamber where it can be undercooled without external forces acting on the specimen, which would cause dynamic nucleation.

Robinson, Michael B.