A Prototype Tool for Assessing Forward Contamination from Space Suits
Crewed exploration missions dramatically increase the capability for large-scale sample collection and return activities, but they also increase the possibility and likelihood of forward contamination. Systematic research on forward contamination from uncrewed spacecraft has steadily progressed since the Viking missions, but parallel research on contamination from space suits has not. Current space suits have leakage rates as high as 100 cc gas/min., but it is unclear how many or what types of microbes are exiting the suits along with this gas. The Human Forward Contamination Assessment team at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) has developed a prototype swab tool that is capable of maintaining sterility during pressure changes associated with entering and exiting vacuum. The primary objective of recent Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Swab Kit testing is to characterize the type of microorganisms typically found on spacesuit external surfaces under suit differential pressure conditions. Most human-associated microorganisms can fit through a 0.5 to 1.0 μm gap. Understanding potential leak paths will inform future hardware design decisions. Knowing which types of microorganisms may leak from EVA suits provides a basis for subsequent studies to characterize the viability of those organisms under destination conditions, as well as how far they might spread through natural or human-influenced processes. The results of EVA suit molecular microbial community analyses will inform NASA exploration mission operations and hardware design, and help close Strategic Knowledge Gap B5, Forward Contamination to Mars.