Sulfur Species in Zinc-Rich Condylar Zones of a Rat Temporomandibular Joint
We performed synchrotron-based micro-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (µ-XANES) coupled with micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) for the identification of elements that included biometal zinc (Zn) and nonmetal sulfur (S) (and its species) in the condylar zones of a rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Zone-specific spatial localization of biometal Zn and nonmetal S from a materials viewpoint when correlated with hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) (a surrogate for tissue oxygenation) can provide insights into Zn-specific redox pathways at the vulnerable subchondral interface. Histologic localization of Zn, HIF-1α, and sulfur-rich proteoglycans (PGs) were mapped using an optical microscope. The µ-XRF maps coupled with site-specific micro-X-ray diffraction (µ-XRD) patterns were used to underline Zn-incorporated biological apatite in the subchondral bone and the bone of a rat TMJ condyle. Results demonstrated an association between Zn, PG, and HIF-1α histologic maps with µ-XRF, µ-XANES, and µ-XRD data and provided insights into plausible biological S species in Zn-enriched zones of a rat TMJ condyle. Spatially localized Zn and S underscore their roles in cell and tissue functions in a zone-specific manner. Elemental Zn with organic and inorganic S species at the cartilage-bone interface and the biomineral phase of Zn-enriched biological apatite from subchondral bone to condylar bone were ascertained using µ-XRF-XANES and µ-XRF-XRD. The coupled µ-XRF-XANES in situ complemented with µ-XRF-XRD in situ and immunohistochemistry provided valuable biological insights into zone-specific biological pathways in rat TMJ condyles. Based on these data, we present a workflow to reliably map and correlate S species within Zn-enriched regions of cartilage, bone, and their interface. We suggest the use of this correlative and complementary microspectroscopic spatial information for zone-specific localization of biometal Zn and nonmetal S to gain insights into plausible microanatomy-specific oxidative stress in the TMJ.