Astrometry
Progress in astrometry is reviewed. Aspects of photographic astrometry are addressed, including the use and optimization of emulsions as detectors and the application of side-field and long-focus photographic astrometry to the determination of stellar positions, to proper motion surveys, the determination of more accurate parallaxes, the study of binaries, and the examination of the membership and internal motions of star clusters. The advantages and disadvantages of photoelectric astrometry are summarized, and the instruments used in this field is discussed, including scanners, detector arrays, stellar interferometers, space telescopes, and satellites. Promising observational methods for studying binary stars are addressed. Astrometry derived from meridian circle observations is considered, emphasizing the FK4 system. The use of radio astrometry is briefly discussed.