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Wharton, Robert A.

Publications and source records attributed to Wharton, Robert A..

Finding Our Way through Phenotypes

Despite a large and multifaceted effort to understand the vast landscape of phenotypic data, their current form inhibits productive data analysis. The lack of a community-wide, consensusbased, human- and machine-interpretable language for describing phenotypes and their genomic and environmental contexts is perhaps the most pressing scientific bottleneck to integration across many key fields in biology, including genomics, systems biology, development, medicine, evolution, ecology, and systematics. Here we survey the current phenomics landscape, including data resources and handling, and the progress that has been made to accurately capture relevant data descriptions for phenotypes. We present an example of the kind of integration across domains that computable phenotypes would enable, and we call upon the broader biology community, publishers, and relevant funding agencies to support efforts to surmount today’s data barriers and facilitate analytical reproducibility.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Early SEI milestones - Underwater habitats and Antarctic research outposts as analogs for long duration spaceflight and lunar and Mars outposts

The use of analog environments for space research is considered focusing on underwater habitats and Antarctic research sites as analogous settings to long-duration space flight. It is pointed out that the use of these earth analogs can provide engineers, scientists, and future crew members with critical 'mission' experience at a relatively low cost.

Rummel, John D.↗

History of water on Mars - A biological perspective

A general scenario is developed for the history of liquid water on the surface of Mars, according to which the history of water on Mars can be divided into four epochs based on the fundamental temperature and pressure characteristics. In Epoch I, the mean annual temperature is assumed to have been above freezing and the pressure to have been above 1 atm; liquid water was widespread and life could have arisen and become abundant. In Epoch II, the mean annual temperature fell below freezing, but peak temperatures were above freezing; In Epoch II ice-covered lakes could have provided a habitat for life. In Epoch III, both the mean and the peak temperatures were below freezing, and only transient liquid water would be possible; under these conditions, microbial ecosystems living in endolithic rock 'greenhouses' could have continued to survive. Finally, in Epoch IV, the pressure dropped to near the triple point pressure of water; at this stage, life on the surface of Mars would have become extinct.

Mckay, Christopher P.↗