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Winkler, Jay R.

Publications and source records attributed to Winkler, Jay R..

A Super-Oxidized Radical Cationic Icosahedral Boron Cluster

While the icosahedral closo-[B 12 H 12 ] 2– cluster does not display reversible electrochemical behavior, perfunctionalization of this species via substitution of all 12 B–H vertices with alkoxy or benzyloxy (OR) substituents engenders reversible redox chemistry, providing access to clusters in the dianionic, monoanionic, and neutral forms. In this work, we evaluated the electrochemical behavior of the electron-rich B 12 (O-3-methylbutyl) 12 (1) cluster and discovered that a new reversible redox event that gives rise to a fourth electronic state is accessible through one-electron oxidation of the neutral species. Chemical oxidation of 1 with [N(2,4-Br 2 C 6 H 3 ) 3 ] •+ afforded the isolable [1] •+ cluster, which is the first example of an open-shell cationic B 12 cluster in which the unpaired electron is proposed to be delocalized throughout the boron cluster core. The oxidation of 1 is also chemically reversible, where treatment of [1] •+ with ferrocene resulted in its reduction back to 1. The identity of [1] •+ is supported by EPR, UV–vis, multinuclear NMR ( 1 H, 11 B), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization.

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Cyano-ambivalence: Spectroscopy and photophysics of [Ru(diimine)(CN-BR 3 ) 4 ] 2- complexes

The UV–visible absorption and luminescence spectra of [Ru(diimine)(CN) 4 ] 2- derivatives have been tuned over wide ranges through variations in solvent, substituents on the diimine ligand, and boronation of the cyanide ligands. Here, trifluoromethyl substitution at the 4 and 4' positions of the diimine induces red shifts in metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption and luminescence bands. Boronation of the cyanide ligands produces substantial blue shifts in MLCT energies. The combination of diimine trifluoromethylation and cyanide boronation produces MLCT blue shifts that are about 75% as large as those produced by boronation alone.

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Hole Hopping through Cytochrome P450

High-potential iron–oxo species are intermediates in the catalytic cycles of oxygenase enzymes. They can cause heme degradation and irreversible oxidation of nearby amino acids. We have proposed that there are protective mechanisms in which hole hopping from oxidized hemes through tryptophan/tyrosine chains generates a surface-exposed amino-acid oxidant that could be rapidly disarmed by reaction with cellular reductants. In investigations of cytochrome P450 BM 3 , we identified Trp96 as a critical residue that could play such a protective role. This Trp is cation-π paired with Arg398 in 81% of mammalian P450s. Here we report on the effect of the Trp/Arg cation-π interaction on Trp96 formal potentials as well as on electronic coupling strengths between Trp96 and the heme both for wild type cytochrome P450 and selected mutants. Mutation of Arg398 to His, which decreases the Trp96 formal potential, increases Trp-heme electronic coupling; however, surprisingly, the rate of phototriggered electron transfer from a Ru-sensitizer (through Trp96) to the P450 BM 3 heme was unaffected by the Arg398His mutation. We conclude that Trp96 has moved away from Arg398, suggesting that the protective mechanism for P450s with this Trp-Arg pair is conformationally gated.

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