A comparison of point defects in Cd 1-x Zn x Te 1-y Se y crystals grown by Bridgman and traveling heater methods
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Gul, R. (ORCID:0000000337413813)↗
Engineering topics
Yang, G.
Publications and source records attributed to Yang, G..
BNLs Synchrotron-radiation Research Hub for Characterizing Detection Materials and Devices for the NA-22 Community
The goal of this project is to obtain and characterize scintillators, emerging- and commercial-compoundsemiconductor radiation- detection materials and devices provided by vendors and research organizations. The focus of our proposed research is to clarify the role of the deleterious defects and impurities responsible for the detectors' non-uniformity in scintillating crystals, commercial semiconductor radiation-detector materials, and in emerging R&D ones. Some benefits of this project addresses the need for fabricating high-performance scintillators and compound-semiconductor radiation-detectors with the proven potential for large-scale manufacturing. The findings help researchers to resolve the problems of non-uniformities in scintillating crystals, commercial semiconductor radiation-detector materials, and in emerging R&D ones.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 7 MS source catalogs
We present X-ray source catalogs for the ≈7 Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S), which covers a total area of 484.2 arcmin{sup 2}. Utilizing wavdetect for initial source detection and ACIS Extract for photometric extraction and significance assessment, we create a main source catalog containing 1008 sources that are detected in up to three X-ray bands: 0.5–7.0 keV, 0.5–2.0 keV, and 2–7 keV. A supplementary source catalog is also provided, including 47 lower-significance sources that have bright (K{sub s}⩽23) near-infrared counterparts. We identify multiwavelength counterparts for 992 (98.4%) of the main-catalog sources, and we collect redshifts for 986 of these sources, including 653 spectroscopic redshifts and 333 photometric redshifts. Based on the X-ray and multiwavelength properties, we identify 711 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the main-catalog sources. Compared to the previous ≈4 Ms CDF-S catalogs, 291 of the main-catalog sources are new detections. We have achieved unprecedented X-ray sensitivity with average flux limits over the central ≈1 arcmin{sup 2} region of ≈1.9 × 10{sup −17}, 6.4 × 10{sup −18}, and 2.7 × 10{sup −17} erg cm{sup −2} s{sup −1} in the three X-ray bands, respectively. We provide cumulative number-count measurements observing, for the first time, that normal galaxies start to dominate the X-ray source population at the faintest 0.5–2.0 keV flux levels. The highest X-ray source density reaches ≈50,500 deg{sup −2}, and 47% ± 4% of these sources are AGNs (≈23,900 deg{sup −2}).
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 7 Ms Source Catalogs
We present X-ray source catalogs for the approx. 7 Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S), which covers a total area of 484.2 arcmin2. Utilizing WAVDETECT for initial source detection and ACIS Extract for photometric extraction and significance assessment, we create a main source catalog containing 1008 sources that are detected in up to three X-ray bands: 0.5-7.0 keV, 0.5-2.0 keV, and 2-7 keV. A supplementary source catalog is also provided, including 47 lower-significance sources that have bright (Ks < or = 23) near-infrared counterparts. We identify multiwavelength counterparts for 992 (98.4%) of the main-catalog sources, and we collect redshifts for 986 of these sources, including 653 spectroscopic redshifts and 333 photometric redshifts. Based on the X-ray and multiwavelength properties, we identify 711 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the main-catalog sources. Compared to the previous approx. 4 Ms CDF-S catalogs, 291 of the main-catalog sources are new detections. We have achieved unprecedented X-ray sensitivity with average flux limits over the central approx. 1 arcmin2 region of 1.9 x 10(exp -17), 6.4 x 10(exp -18), and 2.7 x 10(exp -17) erg/sq cm/s in the three X-ray bands, respectively. We provide cumulative number-count measurements observing, for the first time, that normal galaxies start to dominate the X-ray source population at the faintest 0.5-2.0 keV flux levels. The highest X-ray source density reaches approx. 50,500/sq deg, and 47% +/- 4 of these sources are AGNs (approx. 23,900/sq deg).
cosmology: observations – diffuse radiation – ↗
The impact of neutral impurity concentration on charge drift mobility in p-type germanium
Not provided.
Instruments & Instrumentation↗
Long-term X-ray variability of typical active galactic nuclei in the distant universe
We perform long-term (≈15 years, observed-frame) X-ray variability analyses of the 68 brightest radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the 6 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South survey; the majority are in the redshift range of 0.6–3.1, providing access to penetrating rest-frame X-rays up to ≈10–30 keV. Of the 68 sources, 24 are optical spectral type I AGNs, and the rest (44) are type II AGNs. The timescales probed in this work are among the longest for X-ray variability studies of distant AGNs. Photometric analyses reveal widespread photon flux variability: 90% of AGNs are variable above a 95% confidence level, including many X-ray obscured AGNs and several optically classified type II quasars. We characterize the intrinsic X-ray luminosity (L{sub X}) and absorption (N{sub H}) variability via spectral fitting. Most (74%) sources show L{sub X} variability; the variability amplitudes are generally smaller for quasars. A Compton-thick candidate AGN shows variability of its high-energy X-ray flux, indicating the size of reflecting material to be ≲0.3 pc. L{sub X} variability is also detected in a broad absorption line quasar. The N{sub H} variability amplitude for our sample appears to rise as time separation increases. About 16% of sources show N{sub H} variability. One source transitions from an X-ray unobscured to obscured state, while its optical classification remains type I; this behavior indicates the X-ray eclipsing material is not large enough to obscure the whole broad-line region.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Use of the drift-time method to measure the electron lifetime in long-drift-length CdZnTe detectors
The traditional method for electron lifetime measurements of CdZnTe (CZT) detectors relies on using the Hecht equation. The procedure involves measuring the dependence of the detector response on the applied bias to evaluate the μτ product, which in turn can be converted into the carrier lifetime. Despite general acceptance of this technique, which is very convenient for comparative testing of different CZT materials, the assumption of a constant electric field inside a detector is unjustified. In the Hecht equation, this assumption means that the drift time would be a linear function of the distance. This condition is not fulfilled in practice at low applied biases, where the Hecht equation is most sensitive to the μτ product. As a result, researchers usually take measurements at relatively high biases, which work well in the case of the low μτ-product material, <10 -3 cm 2 /V, but give significantly underestimated values for the case of high μτ-product crystals. In this paper, we applied the drift-time method to measure the electron lifetimes in long-drift-length (4 cm) standard-grade CZT detectors produced by the Redlen Technologies. We found that the electron μτ product of tested crystals is in the range 0.1–0.2 cm 2 /V, which is an order of the magnitude higher than any value previously reported for a CZT material. Finally, in comparison, using the Hecht equation fitting, we obtained μτ = 2.3 × 10 -2 cm 2 /V for a 2-mm thin planar detector fabricated from the same CZT material.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Enhanced Electro-Kinetics of C-C Bond-Splitting during Ethanol Oxidation Reaction using Pt/Rh/Sn Catalyst with a Partially Oxidized Pt and Rh Core and a SnO2 Shell
Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is a promising technology for generating electricity via the electro-oxidation of liquid ethanol. Its implementation requires the development of anode catalysts capable of producing CO 2 and yielding 12-electron transfer through breaking C-C bond of ethanol. Here we presented comprehensive studies of electro-kinetics of the CO 2 generation on Pt/Rh/Sn ternary catalysts. Our studies showed that, for the first time, the tri–phase PtRhOx- SnO 2 catalysts with a partially oxidized Pt and Rh core and a SnO 2 shell, validated by X-ray absorption analyses and scanning transmission electron microscope-electron energy loss spectroscopy line scan, coincided with a 2.5-fold increase in the CO 2 generation rate towards ethanol oxidation reaction, compared with the bi-phase PtRh-SnO 2 catalysts with a metallic PtRh alloy core and commercial Pt. These studies provided insight on the design of a new genre of electro-catalysts with a partially oxidized noble metal.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
CdZnTe Position-sensitive Drift Detectors for Spectroscopy and Imaging of Gamma-ray Sources
N/A
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
SE2-ANL Subchannel Analysis with New Heating Calculation Based on VARIANT Transport Code
The multi-assembly, steady-state sub-channel analysis code SE2-ANL has been widely used in thermal-hydraulic analysis of sodium cooled fast reactors (SFR). It is used to compute the core-wide temperature profiles for a given flow distribution and to determine the assembly flow rates yielding a desired (assembly-wise) peak temperature distribution. It is a modified version of SUPERENERGY-2 coupled with the DIF3D/GAMSOR/DIF3D procedure for coupled neutron and gamma heating calculations, developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). In the current version of SE2-ANL, the neutron and gamma fluxes are calculated using the finite-difference diffusion theory option of the DIF3D code with six triangular meshes per hexagonal assembly. In addition, the pin power distributions are estimated by assuming that the power distribution within an assembly is separable in the radial and axial directions. Furthermore, the total heat generation rate in an assembly duct wall is simply determined by a user-specified fraction of the total gamma heating within that assembly. In order to determine the pin power distributions more accurately by eliminating these limitations, a new coupled heating calculation procedure has recently developed based on the neutron and gamma transport calculations with the VARIANT code. For this, the GAMSOR code has been extended to generate the intra-nodal gamma source distribution to be consistent with the trial functions of VARIANT. Using the computed neutron and gamma flux distributions, the power distribution in each fuel pin and duct wall is determined using a new utility code CURVE, which has been developed to evaluate the VARIANT flux solution at the center of each fuel pin and along the duct mid-wall. For each pin segment contained in a VARIANT node, the axial power shape is represented as a quadratic profile. The SE2-ANL code has been modified to interface with the new, coupled neutron and gamma heating calculation scheme. In addition, several improvements have been made on the computational methods and models of SE2-ANL. To eliminate the limit on the axial mesh size due to the numerical instability problem of the current explicit scheme, the numerical scheme for discretizing the energy equation in the axial direction has been changed to the {theta}-method of the SLTHEN code. An automated flow allocation scheme has also been implemented in SE2-ANL to determine assembly flow rates such that the peak cladding mid-wall temperatures of individual orifice zones are equalized over the burn cycle. The impacts of the new heating calculation scheme based on VARIANT transport solutions on the cladding and fuel temperatures have been tested against the existing method of SE2-ANL. Using the existing and new heating calculation schemes, full-core subchannel analyses were performed for the metal core design of the 1000 MWt Advanced Burner Reactor (ABR-1000), and the resulting coolant, cladding and fuel temperatures were compared. (authors)
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
The 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North Survey and the 250 Ks extended Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: Improved point-source catalogs
We present improved point-source catalogs for the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N) and the 250 ks Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S) Surveys, implementing a number of recent improvements in Chandra source-cataloging methodology. For CDF-N/E-CDF-S, we provide a main catalog that contains 683/1003 X-ray sources detected with wavdetect at a false-positive probability threshold of 10{sup −5} that also satisfy a binomial-probability source-selection criterion of P<0.004/P < 0.002. Such an approach maximizes the number of reliable sources detected: a total of 196/275 main-catalog sources are new compared to the Alexander et al. CDF-N/Lehmer et al. E-CDF-S main catalogs. We also provide CDF-N/E-CDF-S supplementary catalogs that consist of 72/56 sources detected at the same wavdetect threshold and having P of 0.004–0.1/0.002–0.1 and K{sub s}⩽22.9/K{sub s}⩽22.3 mag counterparts. For all ≈1800 CDF-N and E-CDF-S sources, including the ≈500 newly detected ones (these being generally fainter and more obscured), we determine X-ray source positions utilizing centroid and matched-filter techniques; we also provide multiwavelength identifications, apparent magnitudes of counterparts, spectroscopic and/or photometric redshifts, basic source classifications, and estimates of observed active galactic nucleus and galaxy source densities around respective field centers. Simulations show that both the CDF-N and E-CDF-S main catalogs are highly reliable and reasonably complete. Background and sensitivity analyses indicate that the on-axis mean flux limits reached represent a factor of ≈1.5–2.0 improvement over the previous CDF-N and E-CDF-S limits. We make our data products publicly available.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Novel ZnO:Al contacts to CdZnTe for X- and gamma-ray detectors
CdZnTe (CZT) has made a significant impact as a material for room-temperature nuclear-radiation detectors due to its potential impact in applications related to nonproliferation, homeland security, medical imaging and gamma-ray telescopes. In all such applications, common metals, such as gold, platinum and indium, have been used as electrodes for fabricating the detectors. Because of the large mismatch in the thermal-expansion coefficient between the metal contacts and CZT, the contacts can undergo stress and mechanical degradation, which is the main cause for device instability over the long term. Here, we report for the first time on our use of Al-doped ZnO as the preferred electrode for such detectors. The material was selected because of its better contact properties compared to those of the metals commonly used today. Comparisons were conducted for the detector properties using different contacts and improvements in the performances of ZnO:Al-coated detectors are described in this paper. These studies show that Al:ZnO contacts to CZT radiation detectors offer the potential of becoming a transformative replacement for the common metallic contacts due to the dramatic improvements in the performance of detectors and improved long-term stability.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Observation of a thermally enhanced magnetoresistance in NiFe
A thermally enhanced magnetoresistance (ThMR) was designed and obtained by simultaneously applying charge and heat currents to a NiFe thin film. From the measurement we observed that the magnetoresistance value was as high as -22600% when the input charge current and applied temperature gradient was 0.966 μA and 2.5 °C/mm, respectively. This ThMR can be controllable by adjusting the relative values of the input charge and heat currents. On increasing the input charge current from 0.85 to 1.05 μA by fixing the temperature gradient at 2.5 °C/mm, the ThMR first increased from 9% to 183% and then decreased from -259% to -13%, at intervals of ∼0.96 μA. This can be explained by the spin-dependent transport phenomenon i.e., scattering induced sign difference between magnetoresistance and magnetothermopower in NiFe.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
CdZnTe position-sensitive drift detectors with thicknesses up to 5 cm
Not Available
Bolotnikov, A. E.↗
Photocurrent response of B{sub 12}As{sub 2} crystals to blue light, and its temperature- dependent electrical characterizations
With the global shortage of {sup 3}He gas, researchers worldwide are looking for alternative materials for detecting neutrons. Among the candidate materials, semiconductors are attractive because of their light weight and ease in handling. Currently, we are looking into the suitability of boron arsenide (B{sub 12}As{sub 2}) for this specific application. As the first step in evaluating the material qualitatively, the photo-response of B{sub 12}As{sub 2} bulk crystals to light with different wavelengths was examined. The crystals showed photocurrent response to a band of 407- and 470- nm blue light. The maximum measured photoresponsivity and the photocurrent density at 0.7 V for 470 nm blue light at room temperature were 0.25 A ⋅ W{sup −1} and 2.47 mA ⋅ cm{sup −2}, respectively. In addition to photo current measurements, the electrical properties as a function of temperature (range: 50-320 K) were measured. Reliable data were obtained for the low-temperature I-V characteristics, the temperature dependence of dark current and its density, and the resistivity variations with temperature in B{sub 12}As{sub 2} bulk crystals. The experiments showed an exponential dependence on temperature for the dark current, current density, and resistivity; these three electrical parameters, respectively, had a variation of a few nA to μA, 1-100 μA ⋅ cm{sup −2} and 7.6x10{sup 5}-7.7x10{sup 3} Ω ⋅ cm, for temperature increasing from 50 K to 320 K. The results from this study reported the first photoresponse and demonstrated that B{sub 12}As{sub 2} is a potential candidate for thermal-neutron detectors.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗