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Zhang, Jingyi

Publications and source records attributed to Zhang, Jingyi.

17 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

R&D GREET Battery Carbon Footprint Calculator

The Battery Carbon Footprint (CF) Calculator was developed to help U.S. battery manufacturers meet the carbon footprint reporting requirements of the EU Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542. The calculator incorporates several major battery carbon footprint frameworks, including the Joint Research Centre's Rules for the Calculation of the Carbon Footprint of Electric Vehicle Batteries (CFB-EV), RECHARGE's Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules for High Specific Energy Rechargeable Batteries for Mobile Applications (PEFCR), the Catena-X Product Carbon Footprint Rulebook (CX-PCF Rules), Battery Pass's Battery Carbon Footprint: Rules for Calculating the Carbon Footprint of the "Distribution" and "End-of-Life and Recycling" Life Cycle Stages, the Global Battery Alliance's Greenhouse Gas Rulebook: Generic Rules, Version 2.1, and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's draft Carbon Footprint Calculation Method for Automotive Batteries. The tool pairs these frameworks with foreground data from Argonne's R&D GREET models and integrates user-supplied background data covering battery manufacturing and supply chain activities. By bringing multiple international methodologies together in a single platform, the calculator enables manufacturers to evaluate product carbon footprints, improve data consistency, and prepare for evolving regulatory compliance and global market reporting requirements.

Zhang, Jingyi↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct flue gas capture for algae cultivation and subsequent valorization: evaluating life cycle emissions and costs

Algae cultivation and processing is an important pathway under discussion within the broader CO 2 capture and utilization umbrella. Here, we discuss the results of a life-cycle analysis and techno-economic analysis of a pilot-scale photobioreactor that uses flue gas directly from natural gas or biogas combustion at 3–5% CO 2 concentration. The system requires minimal freshwater use as it has been successfully run with industrial wastewater and has a much smaller areal footprint compared with open pond cultivation. Introducing the flue gas directly to the photobioreactor avoids the need for CO 2 separation and pressurization, which is undertaken in many other algae cultivation systems. For the end-use of the biomass, the default case assumes conversion of algae to liquid fuels via hydrothermal liquefaction. The results indicate that the pilot-scale system has a higher cost, and comparable greenhouse gas emissions compared to pond-based systems, especially as the grid is anticipated to evolve to a lower carbon intensity. The costs of algae biofuel production range from $\$12–16$ per GGE at the current pilot scale. Depending on whether the source of the carbon is fossil or biogenic, the net emissions are 68 g CO 2 e per MJ and −4 g CO 2 e per MJ respectively. If the marine algae species is used instead of the freshwater species, it offers an additional 16 g CO 2 e per MJ carbon fixation in the form of calcium carbonate. The findings point to broadly desirable trends in GHG emissions and costs, while the discussion aims to shed light on areas that could further improve the scalability of the system.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chapter 7.1: Microalgae

Microalgae is a unique biomass resource that does not need to compete for land and water with other biomass feedstocks because it can be cultivated on low-quality unencumbered land using noncompetitive water types including saline and wastewater. It is included as a complementary resource alongside other biomass feedstocks reported in this study, albeit at higher biomass production costs reflective of more capital-intensive farming operations than typical for terrestrial biomass. Higher biomass costs can be offset by the potential to produce value-added coproducts unique to compositional constituents of microalgae. Relative to BT16, this chapter reflects the latest analysis from the 2022 Algae Harmonization Update, which uses the latest parameterized and high-performing saline algal strain, second-generation carbon capture of point-source waste CO2 and high-pressure pipeline transport resolved to specific point-source types, saline water sourcing up to 40,000 mg/L total dissolved solids for source and makeup water salinity, blowdown water treatment and recycle, and brine disposal handling. National-scale algal biomass availability potential was calculated at 152 million tons/yr ash-free dry weight (AFDW) (191 million tons/yr dry weight) at an average biomass productivity of 26.2 g/m2 -day AFDW (about 50 tons/acre/yr dry weight).1 The algal biomass was cultivated on 3.9 million acres of multi-criteria screened and potentially available land for CONUS and fixed 268 million tons of waste CO2 based on biomass uptake. The algae biomass can be produced at an average MBSP of $674/ton AFDW ($536/ton dry weight) in 2020 dollars,2 corresponding to a total energy potential of 3.3 quads/yr at an average MBSP of $31.2/MMBtu (higher-heating-value [HHV] basis).

algae↗
DOE OSTI2024

2023 Billion-Ton Report: An Assessment of U.S. Renewable Carbon Resources - Microalgae

Microalgae is a unique biomass resource that does not need to compete for land and water with other biomass feedstocks because it can be cultivated on low-quality unencumbered land using noncompetitive water types including saline and wastewater. It is included as a complementary resource alongside other biomass feedstocks reported in this study, albeit at higher biomass production costs reflective of more capital-intensive farming operations than typical for terrestrial biomass. Higher biomass costs can be offset by the potential to produce value-added coproducts unique to compositional constituents of microalgae. Relative to the 2016 Billion-Ton Report, this chapter reflects the latest analysis from the 2022 Algae Harmonization Update, which uses the latest parameterized and high-performing saline algal strain, second-generation carbon capture of point-source waste CO 2 , and high-pressure pipeline transport resolved to specific point-source types, saline water sourcing up to 40,000 mg/L total dissolved solids for source and makeup water salinity, blowdown water treatment and recycle, and brine disposal handling. National-scale algal biomass availability potential was calculated at 152 million tons/yr ash-free dry weight (AFDW) (191 million tons/yr dry weight) at an average biomass

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Economic, Greenhouse Gas, and Resource Assessment for Fuel and Protein Production from Microalgae: 2022 Algae Harmonization Update

This report presents an updated "harmonization study" documenting the collaborative analysis of microalgae cultivation and conversion to fuels and products. Four national laboratory modeling teams reconvened to investigate the resource, economic, and environmental sustainability implications of integrated systems encompassing large-scale algae farms and conversion biorefineries. Relative to prior harmonization analyses conducted by these partners, the present effort focuses on more near-term deployment potential based on the use of nutrient-replete, high-protein algal biomass compositions (more readily achievable today without sacrificing cultivation productivity), though this also incurs challenges in lower fuel yields and accordingly higher costs and carbon intensities for the overall integrated systems. Additionally, the present assessment adds further granularity around carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sourcing and transport via carbon capture of nearby point sources, as well as handling of high-saline cultivation media and resultant blowdown/disposal processing. Finally, this assessment focuses on conversion opportunities to produce both fuel (prioritizing sustainable aviation fuel, in this case via hydrothermal liquefaction) and protein products for the food and feed markets, recognizing growing needs for such products.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Economic, Greenhouse Gas, and Resource Assessment for Fuel and Protein Production from Microalgae: 2022 Algae Harmonization Update

This report presents an updated “harmonization study” documenting the collaborative analysis of saline microalgae cultivation and conversion to fuels and products. Four national laboratory modeling teams reconvened to investigate the resource, economic, and environmental sustainability implications of integrated systems encompassing large-scale algae farms and conversion biorefineries. Relative to prior harmonization analyses conducted by these partners, the present effort focuses on more near-term technology potential based on the use of nutrient-replete, high-protein algal biomass compositions (more readily achievable today without sacrificing cultivation productivity) coupled with individual algae farms varying in size but generally smaller at 3,900 acres on average (more realistic in practice than a fixed 5,000-acre farm scale previously considered). Additionally, the present assessment adds further granularity around carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sourcing and transport via carbon capture of nearby point sources, as well as handling of high-saline cultivation media and resultant blowdown/disposal processing. Finally, this assessment focuses on conversion opportunities to produce both fuel (prioritizing sustainable aviation fuel [SAF], in this case via hydrothermal liquefaction) and protein products for the food and feed markets, recognizing growing needs for such products.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of Fluoropolymer Production and Use With Analysis of Alternative Replacement Materials

This report focuses on fluoropolymers, which are a subgroup of the much larger class of fluorinated chemicals known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Clearly distinguishing fluoropolymers is important to understanding their distinctive chemical properties, associated risks and benefits, and roles in commerce. In this report, the factors that are considered in a lifecycle assessment (LCA) of fluoropolymers will be discussed. These include the manufacturing of fluoropolymers, their use in industry, and available replacement technologies. Emphasis is placed on fluoropolymer plastics because of their extensive use in the commerce sectors considered here, specifically aerospace, automotive, battery, building construction, chemical processing, electronics, infrastructure, semiconductor, solar panel, and wind energy industries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies Model ® (2023 Excel)

To fully evaluate energy and emission impacts of advanced vehicle technologies and new transportation fuels, the fuel cycle from wells to wheels and the vehicle cycle through material recovery and vehicle disposal need to be considered. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Argonne has developed a full life-cycle model called GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies). It allows researchers and analysts to evaluate various vehicle and fuel combinations on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis. The first version of GREET was released in 1996. Since then, Argonne has continued to update and expand the model. GREET is developed as a multidimensional spreadsheet model in Microsoft Excel. It provides a comprehensive, life-cycle-based approach to compare the energy use and emissions of conventional and advanced vehicle technologies. It includes two sub-models named Fuel-Cycle Model (GREET 1, contains data on fuel cycles and vehicle operations) and Vehicle-Cycle Model (GREET 2, evaluates the energy and emission effects associated with vehicle material recovery and production, vehicle component fabrication, vehicle assembly, and vehicle disposal/recycling). This public domain model is available free of charge for anyone to use.

Wang, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2023

Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies Model ® (2023 .Net)

To fully evaluate energy and emission impacts of advanced vehicle technologies and new transportation fuels, the fuel cycle from wells to wheels and the vehicle cycle through material recovery and vehicle disposal need to be considered. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Argonne has developed a full life-cycle model called GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies). It allows researchers and analysts to evaluate various vehicle and fuel combinations on a full fuel-cycle/vehicle-cycle basis. The first version of GREET was released in 1996. Since then, Argonne has continued to update and expand the model. GREET.Net provides the user with an easy to use and fully graphical toolbox to perform life cycle analysis simulations of alternative transportation fuels and vehicle technologies in a matter of a few clicks. It provides a comprehensive, life-cycle-based approach to compare the energy use and emissions of conventional and advanced vehicle technologies. The tool includes the data of both fuel-cycle (fuel production and vehicle operation) and vehicle-cycle (vehicle material recovery and production, vehicle component fabrication, vehicle assembly, and vehicle disposal/recycling). This public domain model is available free of charge for anyone to use.

Wang, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2023

Summary of Expansions and Updates in R&D GREET ® 2023

The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies (GREET®) model was developed by Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and other federal agencies. R&D GREET is a life cycle analysis (LCA) model, structured to systematically examine the energy and environmental effects of a wide variety of transportation fuels and vehicle technologies in major transportation sectors (i.e., road, air, marine, and rail), other end-use sectors, and energy systems. Argonne has expanded and updated the model in various areas in R&D GREET 2023. This report provides a summary of the expansions and updates.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tracking Flows of End-of-Life Battery Materials and Manufacturing Scrap

This paper defines terms such as “recycling rate” that enable the characterization of flows of battery materials and expands the terminology to accommodate the description of complex product recycling. It also estimates the maximum percentage of U.S. demand for critical elements that could be satisfied by recycling as demand continues to grow, and it defines and estimates the recycling rate for lithium-ion batteries. Finally, it clarifies the role of manufacturing scrap as the domestic U.S. supply chain is built up. It concludes that recycling will be important in the long term, but growth still requires that new material be extracted to supply additional material.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrification potential of U.S. industrial boilers and assessment of the GHG emissions impact

Electrification is a key strategy for decarbonizing the industrial sector. Industrial process heating, which still relies heavily on fossil fuel combustion and accounts for the majority of sector wide GHG emissions, is a particularly attractive electrification target. Electrifying industrial boilers represents a cross-cutting opportunity for GHG emissions reductions, given their widespread use in most manufacturing industries. Yet, there are gaps in the understanding of the current population of conventional industrial boilers in the United States that preclude a characterization of boiler electrification's technical potential to reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions. In this study, we develop an up-to-date dataset of the industrial boiler population in the U.S. and quantify the county-level electricity requirements and net changes in fuel use and GHG emissions under the current electric grid and theoretical future grid scenarios. Our results show an increase of 105 MMmtCO 2 e and 73 MMmtCO 2 e in GHG emissions from boiler electrification, with and without the replacement of byproduct fuels, respectively, under the current electric grid, and a reduction of 19 MMmtCO2e and 7 MMmtCO2e in GHG emissions under a future high renewables electric grid. GHG emissions savings are currently possible only in certain regions of the U.S. unless future grids are decarbonized. We also provide discussion that could be useful for policy makers and manufacturing facilities for advancing the electrification of industrial boilers in locations and industries toward fuel savings and GHG emissions reductions.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Opportunities for Solar Industrial Process Heat in the United States

This presentation summarizes the first national analysis of opportunities for solar technologies to provide industrial process heat (IPH) in the United States. The industrial sector is a major end-user of energy and IPH constitutes a majority of industrial fuel energy. New disaggregations of IPH demands are made at the temporal, geographic, and operational levels. Solar heat generation by seven solar thermal technologies and PV-connected electrotechnologies are modeled using county solar resources and land availability and matched to relevant IPH demands. Parabolic trough collectors (PTC), when combined with thermal energy storage (TES), not only have the largest opportunity in terms of distribution over geography and time, but also in terms of applicable IPH demands. PTC with TES represents the displacement of nearly 2,500 trillion Btus of combustion fuels, which corresponds to 137 million metric tons of CO2, or about 15% of all industrial combustion CO2 emissions. TES, along with site-level analysis, are identified as areas of further analysis.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Opportunities for Solar Industrial Process Heat in the United States

Energy used in the production and processing of materials and products represents a significant fraction of the overall energy footprint of the industrial sector. Solar technologies may provide suitable alternative to existing combustion technologies, but their relevance for industries in the United States has been largely unexplored at the necessary levels of spatial, temporal, and operational detail. To provide the first assessment of the technical opportunities for solar technologies to meet the demand for process heat in the United States, we first develop estimates of energy use by process temperature at the county and hourly resolutions for all manufacturing industries. We then estimate the opportunities for seven solar technology packages—comprised of solar thermal and photovoltaic-connected electrotechnologies—to meet process heat demand given solar resources and available land area by county.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗