TY - RPRT TI - Gradient-based optimization of complex nanoparticle heterostructures enabled by deep learning on heterogeneous graphs AU - Sivonxay, Eric [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] AU - Attia, Lucas [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000299413846) AU - Spotte-Smith, Evan Walter Clark [Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)] (ORCID:000000031554197X) AU - Sanchez-Lengeling, Benjamin [Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada); Vector Inst. for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON (Canada); Google DeepMind, Cambridge, MA (United States)] AU - Xia, Xiaojing [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Foundry] AU - Barter, Daniel [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] AU - Chan, Emory M. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Foundry] (ORCID:0000000256550146) AU - Blau, Samuel M. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331323032) PY - 2025 DO - 10.1038/s43588-025-00917-3 UR - https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3022489 ID - 3022489 ER -