TY - RPRT TI - Estimating CO 2 fluxes through integrating spatial and temporal input layers via deep learning algorithms AU - Zou, Huimin [Tianjin University (China); National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC), Tianjin (China)] AU - Chen, Jiquan [Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000307619458) AU - Liu, Xiaojian [Ministry of Transport (MOT), Tianjin (China). Tianjin Research Institute For Water Transport Engineering (TIWTE)] AU - Zhu, Jianhua [National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC), Tianjin (China)] AU - Li, Xianglan [Beijing Normal University, Beijing (China)] PY - 2026 DO - 10.1186/s13717-026-00696-3 UR - https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3362679 ID - 3362679 ER -