TY - RPRT TI - Time-resolved spray characterization via unified optical flow and binarization technique AU - O’Brien, Casey J. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] (ORCID:000000028305114X) AU - Kang, Kyungrae [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000165709107) AU - Wood, Eric J. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000244974136) AU - Yoon, Joshua [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000181570790) AU - Mayhew, Eric K. [DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320634089) AU - Kastengren, Alan [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)] AU - Kweon, Chol-Bum M. [DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000236669406) AU - Lee, Tonghun [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] PY - 2026 DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137433 UR - https://www.osti.gov/biblio/3377076 ID - 3377076 ER -