Search NASA⌕ Search
Home/Archive/DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI · 1435707

Chapter 16: Lignin Visualization: Advanced Microscopy Techniques for Lignin Characterization

Zeng, Yining·Donohoe, Bryon S
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Visualization of lignin in plant cell walls, with both spatial and chemical resolution, is emerging as an important tool to understand lignin's role in the plant cell wall's nanoscale architecture and to understand and design processes intended to modify the lignin. As such, this chapter reviews recent advances in advanced imaging methods with respect to lignin in plant cell walls. This review focuses on the importance of lignin detection and localization for studies in both plant biology and biotechnology. Challenges going forward to identify and delineate lignin from other plant cell wall components and to quantitatively analyze lignin in whole cell walls from native plant tissue and treated biomass are also discussed.

Explore related subjects

09 BIOMASS FUELSdetectionimaging methodsligninlocalizationnanoscale architecture

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Zeng, Yining, Donohoe, Bryon S. 2018-04-03. Chapter 16: Lignin Visualization: Advanced Microscopy Techniques for Lignin Characterization. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788010351-00477

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related reports

DOE OSTI2027

Hydrotreating pine-derived catalytic fast pyrolysis oil to jet fuel: Process durability and impact of operating conditions

Hydrotreating woody biomass-derived catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) oil to jet fuel has the potential to enhance energy security due to the large abundance of forest and woody resources. CFP oil produced from pine over ZSM-5 was hydrotreated over sulfided NiMo/Al 2 O 3 for 410 h to study the impact of hydrotreating conditions (pressure, temperature, and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)). The degree of deoxygenation remained high across the tested hydrotreating conditions, and the products contained < 0.01 wt% oxygen. Increasing hydrotreating pressure from 84 to 125 bar enhanced hydrogenation of aromatic rings and the formation of cycloalkanes and increasing the temperature from 385 to 400 degrees C enhanced cracking and the formation of jet-range molecules. Decreasing the weight hourly space velocity from 0.2 to 0.1 g/(g cat h) further enhanced cracking and led to higher gasoline- and lower jet fuel-range fractions. The highest jet fuel fraction (49 wt%) was obtained at 400 degrees C, 125 bar, 0.2 g/(g cat h) WHSV. CFP oils produced from pine over phosphorous-modified ZSM-5 were hydrotreated at this condition for 588 h to investigate the process durability. The hydrogenation performance of the catalyst gradually stabilized in approximately 300 h after which the product composition remained constant. Of the final hydrotreated CFP oil, 53 wt% fell in the jet fuel range with most of the tested fuel properties meeting ASTM D4054 and/or ASTM D7566 specifications. The freeze points were < -50 degrees C vs. guideline of < -40 degrees C and the viscosities at -20 degrees C were 3.8-4.1 mm 2 /s vs guideline of 8 mm 2 /s. Increasing the fraction of cycloalkanes could increase the cetane number and heating value, which did not meet the guidelines.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Suppressing CO formation in low-temperature methanol steam reforming via Ce-modified CuZnGa layered oxide catalysts

Cu-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are widely recognized as effective catalysts for low-temperature methanol steam reforming, yet achieving high hydrogen productivity together with near-complete suppression of CO formation remains challenging. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of CuZnGa LDH-derived catalysts and Ce-modified analogues prepared via an aqueous miscible organic method, which enables high metal dispersion and precise structural control. The optimized CuZnGa catalyst exhibits a hydrogen production rate of 16.9 µmol H 2 ·g cat −1 ·s −1 at 180 °C with an H 2 /CO ratio exceeding 3500, outperforming many state-of-the-art low-temperature systems. Importantly, the incorporation of small amounts of Ce further suppresses CO formation while maintaining high hydrogen productivity. Combined spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that Ce is incorporated into the LDH lattice by substituting Ga 3+ sites up to a critical threshold, beyond which highly dispersed CeO x species are formed. These species provide mobile lattice oxygen that participates in a Mars-van Krevelen-type pathway, selectively oxidizing CO and suppressing the reverse water-gas shift reaction. This study establishes a clear relationship between Ce speciation, oxygen mobility, and catalytic selectivity in LDH-derived systems. The resulting catalysts demonstrate the potential of interface-engineered Cu-based materials for efficient low-temperature hydrogen production with minimal CO contamination.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Graphitization of banana peel – synergistic effect of Ca and other elements of the biomass on carbon structure transformation

Recently, growing interest has been observed in using calcium as an effective catalyst for graphitizing disordered carbon materials derived from biomass and bioprecursors, such as cellulose and lignin, at relatively low tem peratures (<2000 °C). Herein, it is demonstrated that in the presence of elements such as calcium, silicon, sulfur, and potassium, which are abundant in banana peel composed of cellulose and lignin base, graphitization occurs much more effectively. The addition of external calcium source, in the form of calcium carbonate, to the banana peel-derived carbon and heat-treatment of the mixture under protective atmosphere up to 1750 °C results in a significant increase in the degree of the graphitization order and local formation of graphite crystals, whereas the same preparation and heat-treatment procedure applied to carbon material derived from pristine cellulose does not lead to such effective graphitization. It is indicated that the graphitization of banana peel carbon occurs due to the synergistic effect of the external Ca-based catalyst and the internal elements present in the raw biomass, supporting the transformation of the disordered graphene-like layers into graphitic structures. These findings are important for the future production of green graphite from biomass

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗