Dark matter trigger for early dark energy coincidence

Abstract

Current cosmological measurements present a persistent tension in the value of the current cosmic expansion rate, the Hubble constant, as inferred from cosmic microwave background (CMB) and large-scale structure (LSS) data compared to that inferred from the classical distance ladder. Early dark energy (EDE), whose cosmological role is localized in time around the epoch of matter-radiation equality just prior to the release of the CMB photons, is designed to resolve this "Hubble tension". However, the model introduces a new coincidence problem: Why should the EDE dynamics occur near matter-radiation equality if EDE is decoupled from both matter and radiation? The resolution of this problem may lie in an early dark sector (EDS), wherein the dark matter mass is dependent on the EDE scalar field. In this work, we construct such an EDS model and show that it naturally resolves the EDE coincidence problem at the background level without any fine-tuning of the coupling to dark matter or of the initial conditions. When fitting to current cosmological data, including that from the local distance ladder, CMB, and LSS, our EDS maximum-likelihood model performs comparably to EDE for resolving the Hubble tension. However, fitting the Planck CMB data requires a specific range of initial field positions to balance the scalar field fluctuations that drive acoustic oscillations, providing testable differences with other EDE models and a platform for future model-building.