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DOE OSTI · 2459398

Biodegradable Temperature & pH Sensors VIASTIMULI-Responsive Polymers

Micklin, Elsa Claire
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Abstract

Soil sensors play a key role in agriculture, and for good reason; knowledge about soil conditions enables farmers to make informed decisions about resource expenditure and crop selection for areas of land. On an industrial agriculture scale, though, this is difficult; the average U.S. farm is approximately 500 acres. To put that in perspective, if you’ve driven past Concannon Winery, all that land is only about 200 acres. This is why modern state-of-the-art soil sensors need to be equipped to not only collect precise and accurate data, but also to transmit that data large distances.

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY42 ENGINEERING54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

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Micklin, Elsa Claire. 2024-10-07. Biodegradable Temperature & pH Sensors VIASTIMULI-Responsive Polymers. https://doi.org/10.2172/2459398

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The transition to a flexible and reliable energy infrastructure, using electro-thermal energy generation technologies such as geothermal, concentrated solar power, and nuclear, usually demands simultaneous advancement of thermal energy storage (TES) to support on-demand electricity generation and industrial applications while mitigating the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources and power outages from direct energy generation. Among TES technologies, thermochemical energy storage (TCES) based on calcium looping emerges as a compelling high-power energy storage candidate due to its high reaction enthalpy, compatibility with elevated operating temperatures, and abundance of low-cost materials. However, the long-term durability of calcium-based sorbents for TCES is hindered by surface sintering and particle aggregation, leading to performance degradation over repeated thermal cycles. This study explores a moisture hydration-based strategy to regenerate a degraded calcium sorbent and mitigate performance degradation for long duration TCES. The addition of moisture transforms calcium oxide into calcium hydroxide and produces intercalation water layers, associated with a regenerated surface area and reduced calcium oxide crystallite size. Both these effects are beneficial in restoring the sorbents' reactivity for carbonization. Additionally, an optimized hydration-assisted reactivation protocol balances the recovered energy storage capacity with heating penalty required for moisture removal from hydrated samples, resulting in an enhanced energy storage capacity up to 176% compared to benchmark sorbents that undergo cycling without reactivation after 60 cycles. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of hydration-assisted reactivation to enhance the long-term performance of TCES, providing an effective pathway to advancing electro-thermal storage technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗