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DOE OSTI · 2482476

Maximizing quantum enhancement in axion dark matter experiments

Kuo, Chao-Lin [Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000348955247)·Bartram, Chelsea L. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000274685992)·Chou, Aaron S. [Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)]·Dyson, Taj A. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000248164480)·Kurinsky, Noah A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000025872519X)·Rybka, Gray [Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000199731564)·Ruppert, Sephora [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)]·Wen, Osmond [Stanford Univ., CA (United States); California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263346813)·Withers, Matthew O. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000160127730)·Yi, Andrew K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0009000188223844)·Zhang, Cheng [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000182885823)
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Abstract

We provide a comprehensive comparison of linear amplifiers and microwave photon counters in axion dark matter experiments. The study is done assuming a range of realistic operating conditions and detector parameters, over the frequency range between 1 and 30 GHz. As expected, photon counters are found to be advantageous under low background, at high frequencies (𝜈 >5 GHz), if they can be implemented with robust wide-frequency tuning or a very low dark count rate. Additional noteworthy observations emerging from this study include: (1) an expanded applicability of off-resonance photon background reduction, including the single-quadrature state squeezing, for scan rate enhancements; (2) a much broader appeal for operating the haloscope resonators in the overcoupling regime, up to 𝛽 ∼10; (3) the need for a detailed investigation into the cryogenic and electromagnetic conditions inside haloscope cavities to lower the photon temperature for future experiments; (4) the necessity to develop a distributed network of coupling ports in high-volume axion haloscopes to utilize these potential gains in the scan rate.

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46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDSAxionsCosmologyDark matter direct detectionQuantum measurementsaxionscosmologydark matter direct detectionquantum measurements

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Kuo, Chao-Lin [Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000348955247), Bartram, Chelsea L. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000274685992), Chou, Aaron S. [Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)], Dyson, Taj A. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000248164480), Kurinsky, Noah A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000025872519X), Rybka, Gray [Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000199731564), Ruppert, Sephora [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)], Wen, Osmond [Stanford Univ., CA (United States); California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263346813), Withers, Matthew O. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000160127730), Yi, Andrew K. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0009000188223844), Zhang, Cheng [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000182885823). 2025-06-10. Maximizing quantum enhancement in axion dark matter experiments. https://doi.org/10.1103/pgtg-3lhd

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