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New particle pusher with hadronic interactions for modeling multimessenger emission from compact objects

Zou, Minghao [Valley Christian High School, San Jose, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0009000720038937)·Hakobyan, Hayk [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab.; Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000189396862)·Mbarek, Rostom [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Joint Space-Science Institute; Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000194755292)·Ripperda, Bart [Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics; Perimeter Inst. for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON (Canada); Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000273013908)·Bacchini, Fabio [Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium); Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA - IASB), Uccle (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000275268154)·Sironi, Lorenzo [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab.; Flatiron Institute, New York, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000212272754)
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Abstract

We propose novel numerical schemes based on the Boris method in curved spacetime, incorporating both hadronic and radiative interactions for the first time. Once the proton has lost significant energy due to radiative and hadronic losses, and its gyroradius has decreased below typical scales on which the electromagnetic field varies, we apply a guiding center approximation (GCA). We fundamentally simulate collision processes either with a Monte-Carlo method or, where applicable, as a continuous energy loss, contingent on the local optical depth. To test our algorithm for the first time combining the effects of electromagnetic, gravitational, and radiation fields including hadronic interactions, we simulate highly relativistic protons traveling through various electromagnetic fields and proton backgrounds. We provide unit tests in various spatially dependent electromagnetic and gravitational fields and background photon and proton distributions, comparing the trajectory against analytic results. We propose that our method can be used to analyze hadronic interactions in black hole accretion disks, jets, and coronae to study the neutrino abundance from active galactic nuclei.

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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDSAccretion disk & black-hole plasmaAstrophysical & cosmological simulationsAstrophysical jetsClassical black holesHadron-hadron interactionsMagnetized plasmaMonte Carlo methodsNeutron stars & pulsarsNumerical simulations in gravitation & astrophysicsParticle acceleration in plasmasParticle astrophysicsParticle interactionsParticle-in-cell methodsPlasma-particle interactionsProtonsRadiation & particle generation in plasmasRelativistic plasmasSpace & astrophysical plasmaTest-particle methods

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Zou, Minghao [Valley Christian High School, San Jose, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0009000720038937), Hakobyan, Hayk [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab.; Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000189396862), Mbarek, Rostom [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Joint Space-Science Institute; Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000194755292), Ripperda, Bart [Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics; Perimeter Inst. for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON (Canada); Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000273013908), Bacchini, Fabio [Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium); Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA - IASB), Uccle (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000275268154), Sironi, Lorenzo [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab.; Flatiron Institute, New York, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000212272754). 2025-04-21. New particle pusher with hadronic interactions for modeling multimessenger emission from compact objects. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.111.083032

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