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DOE OSTI · 2891288

Hybrid Oscillator-Qubit Quantum Processors: Instruction Set Architectures, Abstract Machine Models, and Applications

Liu, Yuan [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:000000031468942X)·Singh, Shraddha [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000249211410)·Smith, Kevin C. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000223971518)·Crane, Eleanor [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000227526462)·Martyn, John M. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240656974)·Eickbusch, Alec [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States); Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000151790215)·Schuckert, Alexander [National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), College Park, MD (United States); University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000299697391)·Li, Richard D. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)]·Sinanan-Singh, Jasmine [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)]·Soley, Micheline B. [University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000179732842)·Tsunoda, Takahiro [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000208692991)·Chuang, Isaac L. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:000000017296523X)·Wiebe, Nathan [University of Toronto, ON (Canada); Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON (Canada); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000160470547)·Girvin, Steven M. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000264705494)
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Abstract

This tutorial offers a pedagogical guide to hybrid quantum processors that integrate discrete-variable (DV) qubits and continuous-variable (CV) oscillators. Aimed at computer scientists, engineers, and physicists, it provides an overview of the experimental, algorithmic, and architectural aspects of this novel and rapidly developing hardware model. Experimental realizations of this model include superconducting, trapped-ion, and neutral-atom platforms. By combining DV and CV components, hybrid oscillator-qubit processors enable a powerful new paradigm that offers complementary strengths for quantum control, error correction, computation, and simulation. Working toward the goal of a full-stack system connecting applications to CV-DV hardware, we define and formulate abstract machine models and instruction set architectures. These essential abstractions enable codesign of hardware and software, and resource estimation for exploring the potential of current and future hardware for computational and simulation tasks. Using these abstractions, we present both new and existing examples that illustrate the benefits of hybrid CV-DV processors relative to traditional DV-only hardware in computation as well as quantum simulation of physical models. Examples include algorithms for transferring states between DV and CV systems, performing the quantum Fourier transform, and simulation of lattice gauge theories. Relative to qubit-only hardware, the bosonic degrees of freedom natively available in hybrid architectures can substantially reduce the circuit complexity of simulations for physical models containing bosons. A key technique is the extension of quantum signal processing ideas to CV-DV systems. This work is intended to serve as a timely and comprehensive guide to this relatively unexplored yet promising approach to quantum computation and to provide a road map to guide future development.

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73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICSquantum algorithmsquantum algorithms & computationquantum computationquantum controlquantum harmonic oscillatorquantum information processingquantum simulationquantum state transfer

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Liu, Yuan [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:000000031468942X), Singh, Shraddha [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000249211410), Smith, Kevin C. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000223971518), Crane, Eleanor [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000227526462), Martyn, John M. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240656974), Eickbusch, Alec [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States); Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000151790215), Schuckert, Alexander [National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), College Park, MD (United States); University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)] (ORCID:0000000299697391), Li, Richard D. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)], Sinanan-Singh, Jasmine [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)], Soley, Micheline B. [University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000179732842), Tsunoda, Takahiro [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000208692991), Chuang, Isaac L. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:000000017296523X), Wiebe, Nathan [University of Toronto, ON (Canada); Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON (Canada); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000160470547), Girvin, Steven M. [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000264705494). 2026-01-07. Hybrid Oscillator-Qubit Quantum Processors: Instruction Set Architectures, Abstract Machine Models, and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1103/4rf7-9tfx

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