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DOE OSTI · 3017181

A Hierarchical Optimization Method for Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft Network Design

He, Mingyi [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000253739146)·Sun, Bingrong [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000328060200)·Garikapati, Venu [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000316031883)·Liu, Zhaocai [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000230166832)·Wang, Qichao [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000208634564)·Hoshiko, Joshua [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000274876182)·Lyu, Mingdong [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)]·Ge, Yanbo [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000332194375)
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Abstract

Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOLs) are expected to serve urban air mobility in a station-to-station configuration, which makes the optimal network design of eVTOL stations a critical question to explore. Existing approaches often face limitations, such as the inability to interact station locations with demand or difficulty in finding the optimal solution for large study regions. Here, this paper first proposes a mathematical model to generate optimal eVTOL station locations while considering associated potential eVTOL demand, and then proposes a heuristic algorithm, Hierarchical Optimization MEthod (HOME), to efficiently solve the model. With a case study of Southern California, HOME was compared to 1) directly solving the original integer linear programming-based network design problem, and 2) employing the widely used genetic algorithm. Results suggest that HOME can find optimal solutions with limited computational resources. The proposed framework powered by HOME provides a computationally efficient way to support urban air mobility planning.

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He, Mingyi [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000253739146), Sun, Bingrong [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000328060200), Garikapati, Venu [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000316031883), Liu, Zhaocai [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000230166832), Wang, Qichao [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000208634564), Hoshiko, Joshua [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000274876182), Lyu, Mingdong [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)], Ge, Yanbo [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000332194375). 2026-01-12. A Hierarchical Optimization Method for Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft Network Design. https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3648294

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