DOE OSTI · 3018589
Wasserstein normalized autoencoder for anomaly detection
Abstract
A novel anomaly detection algorithm is presented. The Wasserstein normalized autoencoder (WNAE) is a normalized probabilistic model that minimizes the Wasserstein distance between the learned probability distribution—a Boltzmann distribution where the energy is the reconstruction error of the autoencoder (AE)—and the distribution of the training data. This algorithm has been developed and applied to the identification of semivisible jets—conical sprays of visible standard model (SM) particles and invisible dark matter states—with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. Trained on jets of particles from simulated SM processes, the WNAE is shown to learn the probability distribution of the input data in a fully unsupervised fashion, such that it effectively identifies new physics jets as anomalies. The model exhibits stable, convergent training and recovers strong classification performance for a wide range of signals against the selected background process, for which a standard AE fails because of outlier reconstruction. In addition, the model improves upon standard normalized autoencoders while remaining fully agnostic to the signal. The WNAE directly tackles the problem of outlier reconstruction, a common failure mode of autoencoders in anomaly detection tasks.
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Hayrapetyan, Aram [Yerevan Phys. Inst.], Makarenko, Vladimir [Yerevan Phys. Inst.] (ORCID:0000000284068605), Tumasyan, Armen [Yerevan Phys. Inst.] (ORCID:0009000006846742), Adam, Wolfgang [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000190994341), Andrejkovic, Janik Walter [Vienna, OAW], Benato, Lisa [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000151357489), Bergauer, Thomas [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000257860293), Dragicevic, Marko [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000319676783), Giordano, Cristina [Vienna, OAW], Hussain, Priya Sajid [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000248255278), Jeitler, Manfred [Vienna, OAW; TU Vienna] (ORCID:0000000251419560), Krammer, Natascha [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000205480985), Li, Ang [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:000000024547116X), Liko, Dietrich [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:000000023380473X), Matthewman, Mark [Vienna, OAW], Mikulec, Ivan [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000303852746), Schieck, Jochen [Vienna, OAW; TU Vienna] (ORCID:0000000210588093), Schöfbeck, Robert [Vienna, OAW; TU Vienna] (ORCID:0000000223328784), Schwarz, Dennis [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000238217331), Shooshtari, Maryam [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0009000488824887), Sonawane, Mangesh [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000305107010), Waltenberger, Wolfgang [Vienna, OAW] (ORCID:0000000262157228), Wulz, Claudia-Elisabeth [Vienna, OAW; TU Vienna] (ORCID:0000000192265812), Janssen, Tahys [Antwerp U.] (ORCID:0000000239984081), Kwon, Hyejin [Antwerp U.] (ORCID:0009000251655018), Ocampo Henao, Daniel [Antwerp U.] (ORCID:0000000197593452), Van Laer, Thomas [Antwerp U.] (ORCID:0000000177762108), Van Mechelen, Pierre [Antwerp U.] (ORCID:0000000287319051), Bierkens, Jas [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000208753977), Breugelmans, Nordin [Vrije U., Brussels], D'Hondt, Jorgen [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000295986241), Dansana, Soumya [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000277527471), De Moor, Alexandre [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000159641935), Delcourt, Martin [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000182061787), Heyen, Felix [Vrije U., Brussels], Hong, Yanwen [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000347522458), Kashko, Pavlo [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000270507152), Lowette, Steven [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000339849987), Makarenko, Inna [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000285534508), Müller, Denise [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000217524527), Song, Juhee [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000327315881), Tavernier, Stefaan [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000267929522), Tytgat, Michael [Vrije U., Brussels; Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000239902074), Van Onsem, Gerrit Patrick [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000216642337), Van Putte, Senne [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000315593606), Vannerom, David [Vrije U., Brussels] (ORCID:0000000227475095), Bilin, Bugra [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000314397128), Clerbaux, Barbara [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000185478211), Das, Aloke Kumar [Brussels U.], De Bruyn, Isabelle [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000317044360), De Lentdecker, Gilles [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000151247693), Evard, Hugues [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0009000550391462), Favart, Laurent [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000316457454), Gianneios, Paraskevas [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0009000372330738), Khalilzadeh, Ali [Brussels U.], Khan, Fakhri Alam [Brussels U.] (ORCID:000900022039277X), Malara, Andrea [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000186459282), Shahzad, Muhammad Aamir [Brussels U.], Thomas, Laurent [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000227563853), Vanden Bemden, Max [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0009000077257945), Vander Velde, Catherine [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000333927294), Vanlaer, Pascal [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000279314496), Zhang, Fengwangdong [Brussels U.] (ORCID:0000000261582468), De Coen, Maarten [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000258547442), Dobur, Didar [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000300124866), Gokbulut, Gul [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000201756454), Knolle, Joscha [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000247815704), Marckx, David [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000167522290), Skovpen, Kirill [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000211600621), Van Den Bossche, Niels [Gent U.] (ORCID:0000000329734991), van der Linden, Jan [Gent U.] (ORCID:000000027174781X), Vandenbroeck, Jules [Gent U.] (ORCID:0009000461413404), Wezenbeek, Liam [Gent U.] (ORCID:000000016952891X), Bein, Samuel [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000193877407), Benecke, Anna [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000302523609), Bethani, Agni [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000281507043), Bruno, Giacomo [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000188578197), Cappati, Alessandra [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000343860564), De Favereau De Jeneret, Jerome [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000317758574), Delaere, Christophe [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000187076021), Giammanco, Andrea [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000196408294), Guzel, Ahmet Oguz [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000294045933), Lemaitre, Vincent [Louvain U.], Lidrych, Jindrich [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000314390196), Malek, Paul [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000331839741), Mastrapasqua, Paola [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000220432367), Turkcapar, Semra [Louvain U.] (ORCID:0000000326080494), Alves, Gilvan [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000283691446), Barroso Ferreira Filho, Mapse [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000339040571), Coelho, Eduardo [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000161149907), Hensel, Carsten [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000188747624), Menezes De Oliveira, Thales [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0009000947298354), Mora Herrera, Clemencia [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF; Rio de Janeiro State U.] (ORCID:0000000339153170), Rebello Teles, Patricia [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000190298506), Soeiro, Mariana [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF] (ORCID:0000000247676468), Tonelli Manganote, Edmilson José [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF; U. Campinas] (ORCID:0000000324598521), Vilela Pereira, Antonio [Rio de Janeiro, CBPF; Rio de Janeiro State U.] (ORCID:0000000331774626), Aldá Júnior, Walter Luiz [Rio de Janeiro State U.] (ORCID:0000000158559817), Brandao Malbouisson, Helena [Rio de Janeiro State U.] (ORCID:000000021326318X), Carvalho, Wagner [Rio de Janeiro State U.] (ORCID:0000000307386615). 2026-05-26. Wasserstein normalized autoencoder for anomaly detection. https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153%2Fae6168
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