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DOE OSTI · 3020556

Benchmark for two-dimensional large scale coherent structures in partially magnetized E × B plasmas—community collaboration & lessons learned

Powis, Andrew T. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000307558376)·Álvarez Laguna, Alejandro [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:000000033989469X)·Barléon, Nicolas [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000328532255)·Bello-Benítez, Enrique [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000297660368)·Beving, Lucas [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000164982822)·Boeuf, Jean-Pierre [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:000000031023222X)·Bogopolsky, Guillaume [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000277676231)·Bourdon, Anne [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:0000000336624651)·Cichocki, Filippo [ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati, Rome (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000347689397)·Cuenot, Bénédicte [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000270613668)·Denig, Andrew [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000253339572)·Donkó, Zoltán [HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest (Hungary)] (ORCID:0000000313696150)·Elias, Paul-Quentin [Univ. Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau (France). Physique, Instrumentation, Environnement, Espace (DPHY); ONERA, The French Aerospace Laboratory, Palaiseau (France)] (ORCID:0000000254094028)·Encinar, Miguel P. [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000230075981)·Eremin, Denis [Ruhr Univ., Bochum (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000151606385)·Fajardo, Pablo [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000205318021)·Faraji, Farbod [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000228170138)·Fubiani, Gwenael [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:0000000189209908)·Garrigues, Laurent [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:000000016855098X)·Hara, Kentaro [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000021816165X)·Hartmann, Peter [HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest (Hungary)] (ORCID:0000000335721310)·Hopkins, Matthew [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000296207190)·Kaganovich, Igor D. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000306535682)·Knoll, Aaron [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:000000025197402X)·Lapenta, Giovanni [Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium)]·Magin, Thierry E. [Univ. Libre, Brussels (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000243761518)·Marín-Cebrián, Alberto [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000167022819)·Merino, Mario [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000176493663)·Minelli, Pierpaolo [Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP-CNR), Milan (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000165921730)·Papahn Zadeh, Mina [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000164230778)·Parodi, Pietro [von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), Sint-Genesius-Rode (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000212278363)·Petronio, Federico [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:0000000212739641)·Reza, Maryam [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000289191653)·Smolyakov, Andrei I. [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000249752743)·Sydorenko, Dmytro [Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000302610841)·Taccogna, Francesco [Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP-CNR), Milan (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000193619010)·Turner, Miles M. [Dublin City Univ. (Ireland)] (ORCID:0000000197136198)·Vermorel, Olivier [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)]·Villafana, Willca [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000251147884)·Xu, Liang [Ruhr Univ., Bochum (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000287291984)
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Abstract

Low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) are essential to both fundamental scientific research and critical industrial applications. As in many areas of science, numerical simulations have become a vital tool for uncovering new physical phenomena and guiding technological development. Code benchmarking remains crucial for verifying implementations and evaluating performance. This work continues the Landmark benchmark initiative, a series specifically designed to support the verification of LTP codes. In this study, seventeen simulation codes from a collaborative community of nineteen international institutions modeled a partially magnetized E × B Penning discharge. The emergence of large scale coherent structures, or rotating plasma spokes, endows this configuration with an enormous range of time scales, making it particularly challenging to simulate. The codes showed excellent agreement on the rotation frequency of the spoke as well as key plasma properties, including time-averaged ion density, plasma potential, and electron temperature profiles. Achieving this level of agreement came with challenges, and we share lessons learned on how to conduct future benchmarking campaigns. Comparing code implementations, computational hardware, and simulation runtimes also revealed interesting trends, which are summarized with the aim of guiding future plasma simulation software development.

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benchmarkinghigh performance computingkinetic simulationparticle-in-cellplasma spokeverification

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Powis, Andrew T. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000307558376), Álvarez Laguna, Alejandro [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:000000033989469X), Barléon, Nicolas [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000328532255), Bello-Benítez, Enrique [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000297660368), Beving, Lucas [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000164982822), Boeuf, Jean-Pierre [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:000000031023222X), Bogopolsky, Guillaume [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000277676231), Bourdon, Anne [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:0000000336624651), Cichocki, Filippo [ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati, Rome (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000347689397), Cuenot, Bénédicte [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)] (ORCID:0000000270613668), Denig, Andrew [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000253339572), Donkó, Zoltán [HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest (Hungary)] (ORCID:0000000313696150), Elias, Paul-Quentin [Univ. Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau (France). Physique, Instrumentation, Environnement, Espace (DPHY); ONERA, The French Aerospace Laboratory, Palaiseau (France)] (ORCID:0000000254094028), Encinar, Miguel P. [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000230075981), Eremin, Denis [Ruhr Univ., Bochum (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000151606385), Fajardo, Pablo [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000205318021), Faraji, Farbod [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000228170138), Fubiani, Gwenael [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:0000000189209908), Garrigues, Laurent [Univ. of Toulouse (France); National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (Toulouse INP) (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse (France). Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE)] (ORCID:000000016855098X), Hara, Kentaro [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000021816165X), Hartmann, Peter [HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest (Hungary)] (ORCID:0000000335721310), Hopkins, Matthew [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000296207190), Kaganovich, Igor D. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000306535682), Knoll, Aaron [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:000000025197402X), Lapenta, Giovanni [Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium)], Magin, Thierry E. [Univ. Libre, Brussels (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000243761518), Marín-Cebrián, Alberto [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000167022819), Merino, Mario [Univ. Carlos III de Madrid (Spain)] (ORCID:0000000176493663), Minelli, Pierpaolo [Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP-CNR), Milan (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000165921730), Papahn Zadeh, Mina [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000164230778), Parodi, Pietro [von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), Sint-Genesius-Rode (Belgium)] (ORCID:0000000212278363), Petronio, Federico [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France). Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP); Sorbonne Univ., Palaiseau (France); Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau (France). École Polytechnique] (ORCID:0000000212739641), Reza, Maryam [Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000289191653), Smolyakov, Andrei I. [Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000249752743), Sydorenko, Dmytro [Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)] (ORCID:0000000302610841), Taccogna, Francesco [Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP-CNR), Milan (Italy)] (ORCID:0000000193619010), Turner, Miles M. [Dublin City Univ. (Ireland)] (ORCID:0000000197136198), Vermorel, Olivier [Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)], Villafana, Willca [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000251147884), Xu, Liang [Ruhr Univ., Bochum (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000287291984). 2026-02-05. Benchmark for two-dimensional large scale coherent structures in partially magnetized E × B plasmas—community collaboration & lessons learned. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595%2Fae3985

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