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A roadmap toward scaling, reasoning and self-evolving foundation models for nuclear and particle physics

Ren, Yihui [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000257506964)·Osborn, Joseph D. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000306977704)·Brost, Elizabeth [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000268009808)·Yu, Haiwang [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000229734580)·Abidi, Syed Haider [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000284969294)·Go, Yeonju [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312531223)·Li, Shuhang [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000280313714)·Park, David [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000197250193)·Huang, Yi [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000270247469)·Luo, Xihaier [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:000000027621940X)·Lin, Yuewei [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000214294543)·Boyle, Peter [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000289601587)·Huang, Jin [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000262616172)·Klimentov, Alexei [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000327484829)·Begel, Michael [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000216344399)·Qian, Xin [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000279037935)·Wenaus, Torre J. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:000000028678893X)·Denisov, Dmitri [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331833868)·Deshpande, Abhay [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000188531268)·Lin, Meifeng [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000330100857)·Yoo, Shinjae [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000343786448)·Cavaliere, Viviana [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000242978539)·Dunlop, James C. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000183388837)·Ma, Hong [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000289166220)
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Abstract

Foundation models have revolutionized artificial intelligence, with Large Language Models demonstrating unprecedented capabilities in multimodal understanding, reasoning and tool use. Nuclear and particle physics stands at a critical juncture where similar transformative potential awaits realization. The field generates exabytes of experimental data, exascale simulations, and decades of theoretical insights — yet these remain largely disconnected from modern Artifical Intelligence (AI) capabilities, with most physics AI applications confined to narrow, task-specific models that suffer from domain shifting when applied to real experimental data. We present a roadmap for FM4NPP (Foundation Model for Nuclear and Particle Physics), systematically scaling from current proof-of-concept models to trillion-parameter architectures capable of autonomous discovery. Our approach advances three critical frontiers: unified data infrastructure integrating detector data, scientific knowledge and computational tools across global facilities; multi-facility foundation models enabling cross-experiment knowledge transfer and accelerated discovery; and agentic AI capabilities for reasoning and autonomous tool use. The resulting self-evolving FM4NPP will transform physics research by converting time-intensive data analysis, theory derivation and computational bottlenecks into rapid AI–human collaborative discovery. This paradigm shift promises to fundamentally accelerate scientific progress in nuclear and particle physics, enabling researchers to focus on high-level insights while AI handles routine analysis and explores vast parameter spaces beyond human capacity.

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Ren, Yihui [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000257506964), Osborn, Joseph D. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000306977704), Brost, Elizabeth [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000268009808), Yu, Haiwang [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000229734580), Abidi, Syed Haider [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000284969294), Go, Yeonju [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312531223), Li, Shuhang [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000280313714), Park, David [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000197250193), Huang, Yi [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000270247469), Luo, Xihaier [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:000000027621940X), Lin, Yuewei [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000214294543), Boyle, Peter [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000289601587), Huang, Jin [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000262616172), Klimentov, Alexei [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000327484829), Begel, Michael [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000216344399), Qian, Xin [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000279037935), Wenaus, Torre J. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:000000028678893X), Denisov, Dmitri [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331833868), Deshpande, Abhay [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000188531268), Lin, Meifeng [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000330100857), Yoo, Shinjae [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000343786448), Cavaliere, Viviana [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000242978539), Dunlop, James C. [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000183388837), Ma, Hong [Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000289166220). 2026-05-16. A roadmap toward scaling, reasoning and self-evolving foundation models for nuclear and particle physics. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x26500867

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