Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams

Cheng, Bo [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]; Levin, Todd [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]; Zhou, Zhi [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]; Botterud, Audun [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]

doi:10.1007/s40518-025-00266-9

DOE OSTI · 3391563

Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams

Cheng, Bo [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]·Levin, Todd [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]·Zhou, Zhi [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]·Botterud, Audun [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]

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Abstract

Purpose of Review Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) is increasingly viewed as a potential resource for providing grid services that enhance the stability and flexibility of electricity systems. While some LDES services are integrated into existing market frameworks, traditional mechanisms may not fully account for their operational characteristics, potentially leading to undervaluation. Within this context, this paper reviews the literature and industry practices to assess potential grid services for LDES, evaluates existing compensation mechanisms, and identifies challenges to full market integration. Recent Findings We first review existing literature and identify key grid services unique to LDES, including enhancing grid resilience during extreme weather events, enabling long-term energy shifting, and providing flexible and firm energy in systems with limited dispatchable resources. Here, we also review how LDES services are compensated in current market frameworks and the challenges associated with the full realization of LDES values. Additionally, we summarize market mechanisms for storage technologies across U.S. wholesale markets. We find that some markets are adjusting incentive structures, such as incorporating storage duration in capacity accreditation, to better align with system needs and LDES contributions to the grid. However, further refinements in capacity remuneration and dispatch timeframes may be needed for more effective realization of LDES value. Summary This review evaluates potential grid services for LDES, examines existing compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies, and identifies gaps between these mechanisms and LDES operational characteristics. The review concludes by outlining potential market enhancements for more effective LDES integration and articulating additional research needs to support its efficient participation in future power systems.

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Cheng, Bo [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)], Levin, Todd [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)], Zhou, Zhi [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)], Botterud, Audun [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]. 2025-06-03. Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-025-00266-9

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