Vacuum vessel design with lofted toroidal surfaces for a QHS configuration

TEM turbulence in simulation and experiment in quasisymmetric and degraded-symmetry configurations of the HSX stellarator

The Helically Symmetric Experiment (HSX) has demonstrated reduced neoclassical transport and flow damping with quasisymmetry, but the difference of turbulent transport between quasisymmetric and degraded-symmetry configurations has not been definitively assessed. Profile analysis presented here shows that anomalous transport at the mid-radius is larger with degraded quasisymmetry when temperature and density profiles are matched. An initial comparison (${T_\mathrm{i}/T_\mathrm{e}} = 1$) between the quasisymmetric and degraded symmetry configurations finds that trapped-electron mode (TEM) turbulence can support larger heat fluxes in the degraded symmetry configuration despite smaller linear growth rates. However, further simulations at the experimental temperature ratio ($T_\mathrm{i}/T_\mathrm{e} = 0.2$) do not reproduce this effect. Experimental measurements of heat transport and density fluctuation amplitude are compared to nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations at the experimental temperature ratio. The heat flux and density fluctuation amplitude in simulation reproduce a substantial dependence on the density gradient, and the simulated heat flux matches measurements within experimental uncertainties, indicating that TEM turbulence is responsible for the anomalous transport at the steep density gradient in HSX.