Direct observation of diamond formation in a shock-compressed high explosive

Clarke, Samantha M. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000268749929); Smith, Raymond F. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000256755731); Singh, Saransh [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000202869549); Christenson, Joel G. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)]; Marshall, Michelle C. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000187973005); Gorman, Martin G. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); First Light Fusion, Oxford (United Kingdom)]; Swift, Damian C. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000207826855); Lazicki, Amy [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000298216074); Gagliardi, Franco [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)]; Bastea, Sorin [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000195474855); Eggert, Jon H. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000157307108); Leininger, Lara [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)]; Fried, Laurence E. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000294377700)

doi:10.1038/s43246-026-01187-w

DOE OSTI · 3509105

Direct observation of diamond formation in a shock-compressed high explosive

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Abstract

Understanding the formation timescale and structure of carbonaceous reaction products is critical for modeling the high-pressure equation-of-state of organic materials. We use the National Ignition Facility to shock-compress polycrystalline TATB (C 6 H 6 N 6 O 6 ) samples to ~70–130 GPa and ~4000–5500 K, employing in situ nanosecond X-ray diffraction to probe reaction products and velocimetry to measure transmitted compression wave profiles. Our diffraction data is consistent with the formation of diamond over timescales less than ~60 ns. This represents carbon condensation from a molecular explosive on timescales three times faster than previously reported and the earliest observation of diamond produced from reacting TATB. Reactive flow simulations with explicit chemistry reproduce the observed temporal structure within wave profiles to inform the distribution of P-T states. These findings provide direct evidence of ultrafast diamond formation in a reactive system at extreme conditions and provide new constraints for models of shock and detonation chemistry.

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Clarke, Samantha M. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000268749929), Smith, Raymond F. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000256755731), Singh, Saransh [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000202869549), Christenson, Joel G. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)], Marshall, Michelle C. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000187973005), Gorman, Martin G. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); First Light Fusion, Oxford (United Kingdom)], Swift, Damian C. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000207826855), Lazicki, Amy [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000298216074), Gagliardi, Franco [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)], Bastea, Sorin [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000195474855), Eggert, Jon H. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000157307108), Leininger, Lara [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)], Fried, Laurence E. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000294377700). 2026-05-20. Direct observation of diamond formation in a shock-compressed high explosive. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-026-01187-w

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