DOE OSTI · 3683855
Elucidating Norrish type I reactive pathways by ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Abstract
Norrish type I reactions selectively cleave carbon–carbon bonds directly adjacent to carbonyl groups. Despite their broad use in combination with aromatic carbonyls for additive manufacturing and dental UV curing applications, the nature of the photochemically active state and its population mechanism remain insufficiently understood. Detailed mechanistic insight requires mapping of the photoexcited population flow involving internal conversion and intersystem crossing. We present a time-domain study of gas phase acetophenone as a prototypical aromatic carbonyl combining soft X-ray time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TR-NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge with ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) simulations. Exploiting the specific sensitivity of TR-NEXAFS spectroscopy to states with nπ* character, we observe population transfer from the initially excited 1 ππ* state to the 1 nπ* state with a time constant of (0.13 ± 0.02) ps after an initial induction period of (0.12 ± 0.02) ps without population transfer, in quantitative agreement with the AIMS simulations. The population in the 1 nπ* state subsequently decays via intersystem crossing, likely mediated by a 3 ππ* state, within (3.17 ± 0.66) ps to a long-lived 3 nπ* state, which is presumed to be active towards Norrish type I chemistry.
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Graßl, Martin [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching (Germany)] (ORCID:0009000126115952), Unzueta, Pablo [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford University, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000203714805), Hillers-Bendtsen, Andreas E. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford University, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000349608802), Liu, Yusong [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000251566720), Hait, Diptarka [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford University, CA (United States); Columbia University, New York, NY (United States); Flatiron Institute, New York, NY (United States)] (ORCID:000000031570920X), Green, Alice E. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); European XFEL, Schenefeld (Germany); University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000268971247), Cheng, Xinxin [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000175868240), Allum, Felix [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000280448969), Driver, Taran [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000237616883), Forbes, Ruaridh [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); University of California, Davis, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320975991), Glownia, James M. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000261727946), Isele, Erik [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0009000264204582), Larsen, Kirk A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000023252260X), Li, Xiang [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000183384123), Lin, Ming-Fu [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000180862484), Obaid, Razib [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000217594752), Summers, Adam [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000326944969), Thierstein, Emily [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000900023745659X), Wang, Jun [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000031962895X), Cryan, James P. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000277760919), Kling, Matthias F. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Maximilians-Universität München, Garching (Germany)] (ORCID:0000000217100775), Martinez, Todd J. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford University, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000247988947), Wolf, Thomas J. A. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000206411279). 2026-07-23. Elucidating Norrish type I reactive pathways by ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc02229d
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