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At least 181 records · Page 10

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NASA NTRS1984

The development status of candidate life support technology for a space station

The establishment of a permanently-manned Space Station has recently been selected as the next major step in the U.S. space program. The requirements of a manned operations base in space appear to be best satisfied by on-board Environmental Control/Life Support Systems (ECLSS) which are free from, or have minimum dependence on, use of expendables and the frequent earth resupply missions which are part of systems using expendables. The present investigation is concerned with the range of regenerative life support system options which NASA is developing to be available for the Space Station designer. An air revitalization system is discussed, taking into account devices concerned with the carbon dioxide concentration, approaches of CO2 reduction, oxygen generation, trace contaminant control, and atmospheric quality monitoring. Attention is also given to an independent air revitalization system, nitrogen generation, a water reclamation system, a waste management system, applications of the technology, and future development requirements.

Samonski, F. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Methane production from bicarbonate and acetate in an anoxic marine sediment

Methane production from C-14 labeled bicarbonate and acetate was measured over the top 28 cm of anoxic Cape Lookout Bight sediments during the summer of 1983. The depth distribution and magnitude of summed radioisotopically determined rates compare well with previous measurements of total methane production and the sediment-water methane flux. Methane production from CO2 reduction and acetate fermentation accounts for greater than 80 percent of the total production rate and sediment-water flux. Methane production from bicarbonate was found to occur in all depth intervals sampled except those in the top 2 cm, whereas significant methane production from acetate only occurred at depths below 10 cm where sulfate was exhausted. Acetate provided 20 to 29 percent of the measured methane production integrated over the top 30 cm of the sediments.

Crill, P. M.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Efficient near ultraviolet light induced formation of hydrogen by ferrous hydroxide

A possible origin of early hydrogen by UV-induced photoreduction of ferrous ions was investigated by measuring the rate of H2 formation from irradiated FeSO4 solutions as a function of pH and the range of UV sources. It was found that, in addition to the known reaction in acid solution which decreases in yield with increasing pH and requires far-UV light, there is an efficient reaction occurring between pH 6 and 9 which utilizes near-UV light (of a 200-W mercury arc lamp). This latter reaction is a linear function of both the concentration of Fe(2+) and the light intensity. These results support the suggestion of Braterman et al. (1983) that the near-UV-driven photooxidation of ferrous ions may be responsible for the origin of the banded iron formations on the early earth. The efficient photoreaction could also explain the source of reducing equivalents for CO2 reduction.

Borowska, Zofia K.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Integration of Space Station propulsion and fluid systems

The benefits which would be gained by providing commonality and integration of propulsion and fluid systems associated with various elements of the Space Station are discussed and the results of the integrated propulsion system assessment are presented. The O2/H2 propulsion system with and without resistojets, the integration of O2/H2 systems across the Space Station elements, and an approach for handling waste fluids available for resistojet venting are evaluated. It is shown that major benefits can be gained through commonality and integration. Several systems are recommended, including a gaseous O2/H2 propulsion system with resistojets, a Bosch CO2 reduction process, and pumping electrolysis units.

Bicknell, B. A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Space Station Water Quality

The manned Space Station will exist as an isolated system for periods of up to 90 days. During this period, safe drinking water and breathable air must be provided for an eight member crew. Because of the large mass involved, it is not practical to consider supplying the Space Station with water from Earth. Therefore, it is necessary to depend upon recycled water to meet both the human and nonhuman water needs on the station. Sources of water that will be recycled include hygiene water, urine, and cabin humidity condensate. A certain amount of fresh water can be produced by CO2 reduction process. Additional fresh water will be introduced into the total pool by way of food, because of the free water contained in food and the water liberated by metabolic oxidation of the food. A panel of scientists and engineers with extensive experience in the various aspects of wastewater reuse was assembled for a 2 day workshop at NASA-Johnson. The panel included individuals with expertise in toxicology, chemistry, microbiology, and sanitary engineering. A review of Space Station water reclamation systems was provided.

Willis, Charles E.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Life support systems for Mars transit

The structural elements of life-support systems are reviewed in order to assess the suitability of specific features for use during a Mars mission. Life-support requirements are estimated by means of an approximate input/output analysis, and the advantages are listed relating to the use of recycling and regeneration techniques. The technological options for regeneration are presented in categories such as CO2 reduction, organics removal, polishing, food production, and organics oxidation. These data form the basis of proposed mission requirements and constraints as well as the definition of what constitutes an adequate reserve. Regenerative physical/chemical life-support systems are championed based exclusively on the mass savings inherent in the technology. The resiliency and 'soft' failure modes of bioregenerative life-support systems are identified as areas of investigation.

Macelroy, R. D.↗

NASA NTRS1991

ECLSS regenerative systems comparative testing and subsystem selection

In support of Space Station Freedom Phase C/D Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) regenerative systems development, comparative testing was performed on predevelopment hardware of competing technologies for each regenerative function. The purpose of the test program was to collect data on latest generation hardware in order to make final technology selections for each subassembly in the oxygen recovery and water reclamation strings. This paper discusses the testing performed, test results, and evaluation of these results relative to subsystem selections for CO2 reduction, O2 generation, potable water processing, hygiene water processing, and urine processing.

Carasquillo, Robyn L.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Environmental Control and Life Support System

Viewgraphs on the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) for the space station are presented. The ECLSS is divided into six subsystems: temperature and humidity control (THC), atmosphere control and supply (ACS), atmosphere revitalization (AR), fire detection and suppression (FDS), water recovery management (WRM), and waste management (WM). Topics covered include: ECLSS subsystem functions; ECLSS distributed system; ECLSS functional distribution; CO2 removal; CO2 reduction; oxygen generation; urine processor; and potable water recovery.

Ray, Charles↗

NASA NTRS1990

Technologies for ECLSS Evolution

Viewgraphs and discussion on technologies for Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) evolution are presented. Topics covered include: atmosphere revitalization including CO2 removal, CO2 reduction, O2 generation, and trace contaminant control; water recovery and management including urine processing, hygiene water processing, and potable water processing; and waste management. ECLSS technology schematics, process diagrams, and fluid interfaces are included.

Diamant, Bryce L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

The carbon isotope biogeochemistry of methane production in anoxic sediments. 1: Field observations

The natural abundance C-13/C-12 ratio of methane from anoxic marine and freshwater sediments in temperate climates varies seasonally. Carbon isotopic measurements of the methanogenic precursors, acetate and dissolved inorganic carbon, from the marine sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina were used to determine the sources of the seasonal variations at that site. Movement of the methanogenic zone over an isotopic gradient within the dissolved CO2 pool appears to be the dominant control of the methane C-13/C-12 ratio from February to June. The onset of acetoclastic methane-production is a second important controlling process during mid-summer. An apparent temperature dependence on the fractionation factor for CO2-reduction may have a significant influence on the isotopic composition of methane throughout the year.

Blair, Neal E.↗

NASA NTRS1998

[Sources of Methane in the Boreal Region]

In determining the global methane budget the sources of methane must be balanced with the sinks and atmospheric inventory. The approximate contribution of the different methane sources to the budget has been establish showing the major terrestrial inputs as rice, wetlands, bogs, fens, and tundra. Measurements and modeling of production in these sources suggest that temperature, water table height and saturation along with substratum composition are important in controlling methane production and emission. The isotopic budget of 13 C and D/H in methane can be used as a tool to clarify the global budget. This approach has achieved success at constraining the inputs. Studies using the isotopic approach place constraints on global methane production from different sources. Also, the relation between the two biogenic production pathways, acetate fermentation and CO2 reduction, and the effect of substratum composition can be made using isotope measurements shows the relation between the different biogenic, thermogenic and anthropogenic sources of methane as a function of the carbon and hydrogen isotope values for each source and the atmosphere, tropospheric composition. Methane emissions from ponds and fens are a significant source in the methane budget of the boreal region. An initial study in 1993 and 1994 on the isotopic composition of this methane source and the isotopic composition in relation to oxidation of methane at the sediment surface of the ponds or fen was conducted as part of our BOREAS project. The isotopic composition of methane emitted by saturated anoxic sediment is dependent on the sediment composition and geochemistry, but will be influenced by in situ oxidation, in part, a function of rooted plant activity. The influence of oxidation mediated by rooted plant activities on the isotopic composition of methane is not well known and will depend on the plant type, sediment temperature, and numerous other variables. Information on this isotopic composition is important in both understanding the bio-geochemistry of the system and also in determining the regional and global inputs for the methane isotope budget. In determining the destruction of methane for balancing the atmospheric methane budget soil oxidation must be considered.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2004

Past, Present and Future Advanced ECLS Systems for Human Exploration of Space

This paper will review the historical record of NASA's regenerative life support systems flight hardware with emphasis on the complexity of spiral development of technology as related to the International Space Station program. A brief summary of what constitutes ECLSS designs for human habitation will be included and will provide illustrations of the complex system/system integration issues. The new technology areas which need to be addressed in our future Code T initiatives will be highlighted. The development status of the current regenerative ECLSS for Space Station will be provided for the Oxygen Generation System and the Water Recovery System. In addition, the NASA is planning to augment the existing ISS capability with a new technology development effort by Code U/Code T for CO2 reduction (Sabatier Reactor). This latest ISS spiral development activity will be highlighted in this paper.

Mitchell, Kenny↗

NASA NTRS2004

Past, Present and Future Advanced ECLS Systems for Human Exploration of Space

Mitchell, Kenny↗

NASA NTRS2007

NASA Tech Briefs, October 2007

Topics covered include; Wirelessly Interrogated Position or Displacement Sensors; Ka-Band Radar Terminal Descent Sensor; Metal/Metal Oxide Differential Electrode pH Sensors; Improved Sensing Coils for SQUIDs; Inductive Linear-Position Sensor/Limit-Sensor Units; Hilbert-Curve Fractal Antenna With Radiation- Pattern Diversity; Single-Camera Panoramic-Imaging Systems; Interface Electronic Circuitry for an Electronic Tongue; Inexpensive Clock for Displaying Planetary or Sidereal Time; Efficient Switching Arrangement for (N + 1)/N Redundancy; Lightweight Reflectarray Antenna for 7.115 and 32 GHz; Opto-Electronic Oscillator Using Suppressed Phase Modulation; Alternative Controller for a Fiber-Optic Switch; Strong, Lightweight, Porous Materials; Nanowicks; Lightweight Thermal Protection System for Atmospheric Entry; Rapid and Quiet Drill; Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrator; MMIC Amplifiers for 90 to 130 GHz; Robot Would Climb Steep Terrain; Measuring Dynamic Transfer Functions of Cavitating Pumps; Advanced Resistive Exercise Device; Rapid Engineering of Three-Dimensional, Multicellular Tissues With Polymeric Scaffolds; Resonant Tunneling Spin Pump; Enhancing Spin Filters by Use of Bulk Inversion Asymmetry; Optical Magnetometer Incorporating Photonic Crystals; WGM-Resonator/Tapered-Waveguide White-Light Sensor Optics; Raman-Suppressing Coupling for Optical Parametric Oscillator; CO2-Reduction Primary Cell for Use on Venus; Cold Atom Source Containing Multiple Magneto- Optical Traps; POD Model Reconstruction for Gray-Box Fault Detection; System for Estimating Horizontal Velocity During Descent; Software Framework for Peer Data-Management Services; Autogen Version 2.0; Tracking-Data-Conversion Tool; NASA Enterprise Visual Analysis; Advanced Reference Counting Pointers for Better Performance; C Namelist Facility; and Efficient Mosaicking of Spitzer Space Telescope Images.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Improving Formate Upgrading by Cupriavidus Necator 2.3.2.111

Formate can be generated by electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and has been proposed as a soluble intermediate for the storage of carbon and energy. Biological systems capable of assimilating formate could enable conversion of formate generated from low-cost renewable energy and waste CO2 to myriad fuels and chemicals. To that end, the goal of this project is to develop the natural formatotroph Cupriavidus necator as a robust microbial chassis for efficient conversion of formate to value-added products. Using a combination of laboratory evolution and rational engineering, we have identified mutations and genetic deletions that improve its growth rate and biomass yield on formate by 1.2X. Using RNA-seq transcriptomics, we are elucidating the mechanisms that underly these improvements and anticipate this will contribute to our understanding of formate conversion. We have also engineered C. necator to convert formate to the potential polymer precursor 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde (2HMS) by introducing an exogenous pathway and deleting competing pathways and demonstrated production and robust growth using a pH-stat bioreactor. Final techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment on biological production of 2HMS from formate will enable the DOE and other stake holders to evaluate the economic and environmental impact of this project and related technologies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Overview of the Chemical Catalysis for Bioenergy Consortium

Catalysis plays a central role in converting biomass and carbon-rich waste feedstocks into fuels and chemicals; however, critical catalysis challenges exist that are limiting commercialization of emerging bioenergy technologies. By leveraging unique U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory capabilities and expertise, the Chemical Catalysis for Bioenergy consortium seeks to overcome these catalysis challenges and accelerate the catalyst and process development cycle. The foundation of the consortium consists of an integrated and collaborative portfolio of catalytic technologies and enabling capabilities, which positions ChemCatBio to address both technology-specific and overarching catalysis challenges across the development cycle from discovery to scale-up. The core catalysis projects target technological advancements for specific conversion processes, such as catalytic upgrading of biochemical process intermediates, catalytic fast pyrolysis, C1 and C2 upgrading, and electrochemical CO2 reduction, while the enabling technologies provide access to world-class capabilities and expertise in computational modeling, materials synthesis, advanced in situ and in operando catalyst characterization, and catalyst design tools.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Global Energy Policy to Achieve the United States’ Nationally Determined Contributions: Potential Pathway

In 2021, the United States declared its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in preparation for the COP26 climate summit, setting goals to achieve zero emission electricity by 2035, and reducing net emissions by 50–52% compared to 2005 levels. The current U.S. energy policies were found to not be adequate to meet these goals, thus it is necessary to draft a pathway to achieving these goals through policy changes. This study focused on foreign energy policies to analyze the most effective policies in a host of sectors. By identifying the most ambitious and effective policies from around the world in each sector, this study was able to suggest a policy pathway that can potentially achieve both of goals set in the NDC. In guiding the development of the proposed policy pathway, this study analyzed policies from Australia, Canada, California, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This study found that the most drastic CO2 reductions came from low-carbon electricity policy, but contributions were also made from carbon capture, reforestation, hydrogen, energy efficiency, and climate smart agriculture.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Chapter 14: Surface plasmon resonance enhanced artificial photosynthesis of chemical fuels for energy storage

Nanostructured noble metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu have interesting optical properties because of the oscillation motions of their surface electrons upon strong coupling with light under resonance conditions. This resonant oscillation motion of conduction electrons refers to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR (LSPR) when localized near the surface of a nanoparticle. The extinction spectrum of a solution of plasmonic nanoparticles has tunable wavelength responses from UV to NIR due to strong light scattering and absorption which are highly sensitive to the permittivity of the nanoparticles, their sizes and shapes, and chemical environment. Strong light scattering due to the LSPR of plasmonic nanoparticles creates a strong localized and far-field intensity capable of enhancing light absorption characteristics of a chromophore near a plasmonic surface. Engineering the chromophores’ radiative decay dynamics can be done by 1) increasing its radiative decay rate to increase its photoluminescence intensity and 2) increasing its nonradiative decay rates associated to direct charge transfer to the metal surface. Such interesting photophysical properties of a chromophore can be extended to other light-absorbing materials such as semiconductor thin films and nanostructures. This plasmonic effect on the photophysics of a light-absorbing material can be theoretically and experimentally validated. The phenomenon has also been applied to advanced optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)1 and organic photovoltaics (OPV).2-4 The local field created by the SPR can provide an intense EM field to enhance photoluminescence emission of an organic chromophore5-8 and Raman scattering of an organic molecule, and single-molecule Raman9-10 can be detected on specially designed LSPR substrate. (Figure 1 on SPR for energy) Recent studies suggest that LSPR can be incorporated in light-harvesting and conversion systems to increase energy conversion in a solar cell and photoelectrochemical cell and chemical transformations of CO2 to chemical fuels.11-12 Plasmonic active metals naturally exhibit catalytic activities for electrochemical fuel conversion that can be enhanced by engineering their structures to form unique catalytic structures such as symmetry-broken Au-Cu Janus nanocrystals.13 These studies are critical to addressing the global challenges of energy14-15 and CO2 emission from nonrenewable sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.16-17 Electrochemical systems comprised of unique photonic structures and functions that enable efficient and affordable energy harvesting/conversion/storage are highly desired for providing safe and environment-friendly energy sources. This chapter reviews our recent work of LSPR enabled photoelectrochemical water splitting and recent advances in LSPR-enabled CO2 reduction and photochemical reactions reported in the literature. Scientific and technical challenges of applying LSPR to enhance these energy conversion and storage systems are discussed at the conclusion of this chapter.

Pan, Shanlin↗