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At least 181 records · Page 10

Data acquisition for a real time fault monitoring and diagnosis knowledge-based system for space power system

The design and implementation of the real-time data acquisition and processing system employed in the AMPERES project is described, including effective data structures for efficient storage and flexible manipulation of the data by the knowledge-based system (KBS), the interprocess communication mechanism required between the data acquisition system and the KBS, and the appropriate data acquisition protocols for collecting data from the sensors. Sensor data are categorized as critical or noncritical data on the basis of the inherent frequencies of the signals and the diagnostic requirements reflected in their values. The critical data set contains 30 analog values and 42 digital values and is collected every 10 ms. The noncritical data set contains 240 analog values and is collected every second. The collected critical and noncritical data are stored in separate circular buffers. Buffers are created in shared memory to enable other processes, i.e., the fault monitoring and diagnosis process and the user interface process, to freely access the data sets.

Wilhite, Larry D.↗

Towards a Methodology for Identifying Program Constraints During Requirements Analysis

Requirements analysis is the activity that involves determining the needs of the customer, identifying the services that the software system should provide and understanding the constraints on the solution. The result of this activity is a natural language document, typically referred to as the requirements definition document. Some of the problems that exist in defining requirements in large scale software projects includes synthesizing knowledge from various domain experts and communicating this information across multiple levels of personnel. One approach that addresses part of this problem is called context monitoring and involves identifying the properties of and relationships between objects that the system will manipulate. This paper examines several software development methodologies, discusses the support that each provide for eliciting such information from experts and specifying the information, and suggests refinements to these methodologies.

Romo, Lilly↗

Collaborative Information Agents on the World Wide Web

In this paper, we present DIAMS, a system of distributed, collaborative information agents which help users access, collect, organize, and exchange information on the World Wide Web. Personal agents provide their owners dynamic displays of well organized information collections, as well as friendly information management utilities. Personal agents exchange information with one another. They also work with other types of information agents such as matchmakers and knowledge experts to facilitate collaboration and communication.

Chen, James R.↗

Space Mission Operations Ground Systems Integration Customer Service

The facility, which is now the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, has provided continuous space mission and related services for the space industry since 1961, from Mercury Redstone through the International Space Station (ISS). Throughout the long history of the facility and mission support teams, the HOSC has developed a stellar customer support and service process. In this era, of cost cutting, and providing more capability and results with fewer resources, space missions are looking for the most efficient way to accomplish their objectives. One of the first services provided by the facility was fax transmission of documents to, then, Cape Canaveral in Florida. The headline in the Marshall Star, the newspaper for the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center, read "Exact copies of Documents sent to Cape in 4 minutes." The customer was Dr. Wernher von Braun. Currently at the HOSC we are supporting, or have recently supported, missions ranging from simple ISS payloads requiring little more than "bentpipe" telemetry access, to a low cost free-flyer Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite (FASTSAT), to a full service ISS payload Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS2) supporting 24/7 operations at three operations centers around the world with an investment of over 2 billion dollars. The HOSC has more need and desire than ever to provide fast and efficient customer service to support these missions. Here we will outline how our customer-centric service approach reduces the cost of providing services, makes it faster and easier than ever for new customers to get started with HOSC services, and show what the future holds for our space mission operations customers. We will discuss our philosophy concerning our responsibility and accessibility to a mission customer as well as how we deal with the following issues: initial contact with a customer, reducing customer cost, changing regulations and security, and cultural differences, to ensure an efficient response to customer issues using a small Customer Service Team (CST) and adaptability, constant communication with customers, technical expertise and knowledge of services, and dedication to customer service. The HOSC Customer Support Team has implemented a variety of processes, and procedures that help to mitigate the potential problems that arise when integrating ground system services for a variety of complex missions and the lessons learned from this experience will lead the future of customer service in the space operations industry.

Roth, Karl↗

Model-based Systems Engineering: Creation and Implementation of Model Validation Rules for MOS 2.0

Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an emerging modeling application that is used to enhance the system development process. MBSE allows for the centralization of project and system information that would otherwise be stored in extraneous locations, yielding better communication, expedited document generation and increased knowledge capture. Based on MBSE concepts and the employment of the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), extremely large and complex systems can be modeled from conceptual design through all system lifecycles. The Operations Revitalization Initiative (OpsRev) seeks to leverage MBSE to modernize the aging Advanced Multi-Mission Operations Systems (AMMOS) into the Mission Operations System 2.0 (MOS 2.0). The MOS 2.0 will be delivered in a series of conceptual and design models and documents built using the modeling tool MagicDraw. To ensure model completeness and cohesiveness, it is imperative that the MOS 2.0 models adhere to the specifications, patterns and profiles of the Mission Service Architecture Framework, thus leading to the use of validation rules. This paper outlines the process by which validation rules are identified, designed, implemented and tested. Ultimately, these rules provide the ability to maintain model correctness and synchronization in a simple, quick and effective manner, thus allowing the continuation of project and system progress.

Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE)↗

Misconceptions of Synthetic Biology: Lessons from an Interdisciplinary Summer School

In 2014, an international group of scholars from various fields analysed the "societal dimensions" of synthetic biology in an interdisciplinary summer school. Here, we report and discuss the biologists' observations on the general perception of synthetic biology by non-biologists who took part in this event. Most attendees mainly associated synthetic biology with contributions from the best-known public figures of the field, rarely mentioning other scientists. Media extrapolations of those contributions appeared to have created unrealistic expectations and irrelevant fears that were widely disconnected from the current research in synthetic biology. Another observation was that when debating developments in synthetic biology, semantics strongly mattered: depending on the terms used to present an application of synthetic biology, attendees reacted in radically different ways. For example, using the term "GMOs" (genetically modified organisms) rather than the term "genetic engineering" led to very different reactions. Stimulating debates also happened with participants having unanticipated points of view, for instance biocentrist ethicists who argued that engineered microbes should not be used for human purposes. Another communication challenge emerged from the connotations and inaccuracies surrounding the word "life", which impaired constructive debates, thus leading to misconceptions about the abilities of scientists to engineer or even create living organisms. Finally, it appeared that synthetic biologists tend to overestimate the knowledge of non-biologists, further affecting communication. The motivation and ability of synthetic biologists to communicate their work outside their research field needs to be fostered, notably towards policymakers who need a more accurate and technical understanding of the field to make informed decisions. Interdisciplinary events gathering scholars working in and around synthetic biology are an effective tool in addressing those issues.

synthetic biology↗

TPSAS-NF1676L-18251-DND

The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) and its Eco-Schools USA program is focused providing an engaging educational experience to help students better understand the essential principles of Earth's systems and the impact of climate change on them. The program is aimed to provide those students with the ability to communicate about climate change and apply knowledge in decision making. To achieve these objectives, the NWF partnered with NASA scientists and developed the Eco-Schools USA Climate Change Connections (CCC) is a 9th-12th grade curriculum. CCC is designed to build upon and utilize the many NASA mission resources, programs, and associated interfaces to enhance authentic learning experiences for both educators and students. It seeks to develop an integrated systems-thinking approach to understanding and acting upon the issue of climate change. In collaboration with mission specialists from ICESat, LandSat, Terra, AQUA, AURA, a cross programmatic curriculum was developed to provide a unified or systems-thinking approach to addressing realworld Earth systems problems (see NWF web page below). In this presentation, we provide an overview of the Climate Change Connections lesson curriculum but focus specifically on a couple of example exercises where NASA data sets are used to teach basic lessons about aspects of the climate system as it pertains to the built environment. In particular, we show how data adapted from NASA’s GEWEX Surface Energy Budget are applied to a lesson in solar energy. These data sets are made available directly through NASA web portals entitled “My NASA Data” and the Prediction of Worldwide Renewable Energy Resource. At the POWER web portal there is a link to the Surface meteorology and Solar Energy web portal providing data sets tailored specifically to the assessment of solar energy resource at any location on the globe. Here, we depict the sources of these data and their subsequent usage in the Eco-Schools USA CCC Lessons.

Paul W Stackhouse↗

Retooling a Trade Association in a Challenged Industry: The Nuclear Energy Institute Story - 18503

The U.S. Nuclear industry is facing significant challenges to maintain economic competitiveness in an electricity supply sector where advances in natural gas, wind, and solar technologies are reshaping the marketplace. As clean and reliable baseload generation, nuclear still has a valuable role to play. But in order for the power of the atom to remain available for meeting the nation's energy, environmental, and national security needs, it will be imperative that industry leadership innovate and become more efficient at a pace that matches the competition. Industry leaders rely, to a large extent, on their trade association - the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) - to be the prime mover in championing initiatives that will enable a successful future. NEI realized that, in the face of an increasingly difficult economic situation, it must become both leaner and more forward looking - it would have to extend its reach and influence while at the same time reigning in costs to its membership. Therefore, on January 17, 2017 NEI completed a restructuring to improve member value and organizational effectiveness. This restructuring was designed in recognition that the nuclear industry is at a pivotal time, and NEI had a unique opportunity to change its trajectory and underline the importance of nuclear energy's role in the nation's critical infrastructure. NEI is now better positioned to support the existing reactor fleet, promote commercialization of advanced reactors, and drive American leadership in commercial nuclear exports and technology around the world. NEI began this restructuring in the fall of 2016 when it consolidated Government Affairs, Communications, Policy and Public Affairs under a new External Affairs function. The January 2017 action extended that effort across the remainder of the organization, ensuring that the organization is highly aligned, member-focused and results driven. The new NEI takes pride in the fact that it is comprised of talented employees who are passionate about nuclear energy and can make a difference for our membership. With this team in place, NEI looks forward to advancing the interests of the nuclear industry while contributing to a safer, cleaner and more productive world. This paper will examine the details of how this new organization was constructed, provide an overview of the National Nuclear Energy Strategy it developed to guide its efforts, examine the trials and tribulations that come along with disruptive change, and reflect on what has been accomplished in the retooled organizations first year. (authors)

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Status Update on TRAC: A DOE-EM Tool for Tracking Groundwater Cleanup and Progress Toward Site Closure - 20245

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM) uses a customized, web-based mapping tool called TRAC (Tracking Restoration and Closure) to communicate information on plume sizes, remedial approaches, regulatory drivers, exit strategies, and long-term stewardship requirements at all sites within the DOE-EM complex. The web-based GIS story maps provide robust geospatial visualization of plumes at DOE sites using an intuitive interface that allows users to explore the plume maps, explanatory text, photographs, and video. This collection of story maps not only communicates information for each individual site, but also summarizes pertinent metrics on cleanup and remaining contaminants across all EM sites. This paper describes a new design within TRAC for communicating metrics on plume status, regulatory cleanup progress, and technology implementation. A principal benefit of TRAC is the ability to view individual pieces of data at a time, permitting targeted questions to be addressed, such as the status of regulatory decisions, site cleanup priorities, and site closure needs for each site within the DOE-EM complex. TRAC manages communication and supports decision-making through knowledge access, data and information transparency and traceability, and inclusive participation. It serves as a common resource that provides consistent information for DOE managers, site personnel, regulators and stakeholders. Because long-term stewardship of legacy waste sites requires ongoing coordination and communication among DOE, regulators, and stakeholders, TRAC can also be used to help transition EM sites to the Office of Legacy Management at site closure. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Basic Research Needs for Communicating Basic Science

Basic science—also known as discovery or foundational research—is the fuel that powers our innovation ecosystem and the global economy. Despite this critical role, public awareness for how and where basic research is done, how it is funded, and its need for sustainable support over the long term is negligible. The ability to engage broader publics in awareness and understanding of basic science is paramount if we are to maintain the research enterprise that has transformed the modern world. Communicating how the federal government stewards taxpayer dollars for basic science is also incumbent on the agencies and scientists who use public dollars for their research. However, science communication is a complex activity that requires advanced planning, resources, and skill. Therefore, it is important to understand what we know about communicating basic science to the broader publics, as well as what we do not know, to be strategic and better equipped for effective, meaningful engagement. To identify and explore knowledge gaps in our understanding of basic science communication, the Science Public Engagement Partnership (SciPEP), a public-private partnership of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and The Kavli Foundation, carried out a two-part landscape analysis: literature surveys of social science scholarship and a basic research needs conference.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Analysis of the Current and Future Impacts of the AECOM Early Career Technical Exchange - 18497

As the average age of the engineering workforce approaches retirement, early career professionals are hired to supplement the decreasing workforce. Their transition is challenging to implement because new hires typically lack the experience that DOE's nuclear waste facilities have come to rely on. AECOM-partnered corporations have developed the Early Career Professionals Technology Exchange (ECPTE) program to facilitate new hire transitions. This program includes semi-annual workshops that develop both soft and technical skills through extensive networking opportunities, technical presentations, facility tours, and workshop preparation. Early career participants develop reliable peer networks that support their technical collaboration. AECOM's Facility Area Coordination Team (FACT) supports the program by participating during their workshops, which are been scheduled to coincide with ECPTE workshops, allowing early career professionals the opportunity to network with management and technical experts in addition to peers. Early career professionals conduct technical presentations on topics associated with their facilities and projects, developing technical communication skills utilized in professional settings. Early career leadership at the hosting facility prepares tours of local projects for interested attendees. By attending these presentations and tours, attendees gain an understanding of facilities and projects in the U. S. Department of Energy nuclear complex. Since the initiation of the ECPTE, an increasing number of AECOM-partnered corporations have begun to participate in the program. Based on participant interviews and program reviews, this paper discusses the expanding ECPTE program and its impacts on the participants, the facility, and the AECOM-partnered corporations. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Incorporation of Human Risk Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) With Mishap Investigations to Un-Silo Knowledge

NASA’s Human System Risk Board (HSRB) has been a central driver in efforts to understand, mitigate, and communicate the 29 human systems risks monitored by the board. As a result of the collaboration between research, operations, and technical authorities, large bodies of knowledge have been collected and digested to represent the current understanding of the risks. As a part of these bodies of knowledge, directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been developed to communicate the current understanding of the causal relationship of the hazards, contributing factors, countermeasures, other risks, and outcomes that contribute to the overall risk. This risk knowledge is applied in a theoretical sense for potential incidents during exploration even while informed by surveillance data. However, there have been mishaps and close calls during past space exploration that intersect with one or more of the Human System Risks DAGs and knowledge bases. The purpose of this exercise was to un-silo this risk knowledge and connect it to the close call of EVA 23 through the development of a DAG representing the intersection of the HSRB Risks and the events of the close call. The development of the DAG occurred through an iterative process, with each iteration expanding and/or refining the nodes and connections described by the source materials. In addition to the risk documentation developed by the HSRB, lessons learned and other mishap investigation documents were utilized to understand the events that led to water entering the helmet of a crewmember on the EVA. New nodes specific to the events of EVA 23 were interconnected with existing HSRB DAG nodes and edges. Nodes within the DAG were defined within a “DAG-tionary” with any updates to a definition that may have previously existed from the HSRB DAGs, and edges were recorded in a matrix. Both the DAG-tionary and matrix describe where nodes and edges are present across the Risk and Mishap DAG. This DAG will then be reviewed by experts outside of HSRB and HRP to confirm that interpretations of the non-health related events (such as the engineering nodes) are represented accurately. DISCUSSION This process highlighted a method by which the knowledge generated among the contributing members of the HSRB Risks can be effectively adapted and utilized through the tools employed by the Risk Custodian teams. By leveraging these tools, new context and insights to the information at hand can be brought forward to address current spaceflight challenges. Moreover, un-siloing this knowledge through future DAGs and other efforts can drive interprofessional collaboration and foster communication. This will enable teams to work together more effectively, leveraging their diverse expertise to tackle the complex challenges of space exploration and human research. Ultimately, this collaboration will bring NASA closer to achieve agency goals and contribute to the overall shared mission and vision.

Samuel Jacobs↗

Perceptual telerobotics

A sensory world modeling system, congruent with a human expert's perception, is proposed. The Experiential Knowledge Base (EKB) system can provide a highly intelligible communication interface for telemonitoring and telecontrol of a real time robotic system operating in space. Paradigmatic acquisition of empirical perceptual knowledge, and real time experiential pattern recognition and knowledge integration are reviewed. The cellular architecture and operation of the EKB system are also examined.

Ligomenides, Panos A.↗

Haughton-Mars Project (HMP)/NASA 2006 Lunar Medical Contingency Simulation: An Overview

Medical requirements are currently being developed for NASA's space exploration program. Lunar surface operations for crews returning to the moon will be performed on a daily basis to conduct scientific research and construct a lunar habitat. Inherent to aggressive surface activities is the potential risk of injury to crew members. To develop an evidence-base for handling medical contingencies on the lunar surface, a simulation project was conducted using the moon-Mars analog environment at Devon Island, Nunavut, high Canadian Arctic. A review of the Apollo lunar surface activities and personal communications with Apollo lunar crew members provided a knowledge base of plausible scenarios that could potentially injure an astronaut during a lunar extravehicular activity. Objectives were established to 1) demonstrate stabilization, field extraction and transfer an injured crew member to the habitat and 2) evaluate audio, visual and biomedical communication capabilities with ground controllers at multiple mission control centers. The simulation project s objectives were achieved. Among these objectives were 1) extracting a crew member from a sloped terrain by a two-member team in a 1-g analog environment, 2) establishing real-time communication to multiple space centers, 3) providing biomedical data to flight controllers and crew members, and 4) establishing a medical diagnosis and treatment plan from a remote site. The simulation project provided evidence for the types of equipment and methods needed for planetary space exploration. During the project, the crew members were confronted with a number of unexpected scenarios including environmental, communications, EVA suit, and navigation challenges. These trials provided insight into the challenges of carrying out a medical contingency in an austere environment. The knowledge gained from completing the objectives of this project will be incorporated into the exploration medical requirements involving an incapacited astronaut on the lunar surface.

Scheuring, R. A.↗

Protocol for Communication Networking for Formation Flying

An application-layer protocol and a network architecture have been proposed for data communications among multiple autonomous spacecraft that are required to fly in a precise formation in order to perform scientific observations. The protocol could also be applied to other autonomous vehicles operating in formation, including robotic aircraft, robotic land vehicles, and robotic underwater vehicles. A group of spacecraft or other vehicles to which the protocol applies could be characterized as a precision-formation- flying (PFF) network, and each vehicle could be characterized as a node in the PFF network. In order to support precise formation flying, it would be necessary to establish a corresponding communication network, through which the vehicles could exchange position and orientation data and formation-control commands. The communication network must enable communication during early phases of a mission, when little positional knowledge is available. Particularly during early mission phases, the distances among vehicles may be so large that communication could be achieved only by relaying across multiple links. The large distances and need for omnidirectional coverage would limit communication links to operation at low bandwidth during these mission phases. Once the vehicles were in formation and distances were shorter, the communication network would be required to provide high-bandwidth, low-jitter service to support tight formation-control loops. The proposed protocol and architecture, intended to satisfy the aforementioned and other requirements, are based on a standard layered-reference-model concept. The proposed application protocol would be used in conjunction with conventional network, data-link, and physical-layer protocols. The proposed protocol includes the ubiquitous Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol to be used in the datalink layer. In addition to its widespread and proven use in diverse local-area networks, this protocol offers both (1) a random- access mode needed for the early PFF deployment phase and (2) a time-bounded-services mode needed during PFF-maintenance operations. Switching between these two modes could be controlled by upper-layer entities using standard link-management mechanisms. Because the early deployment phase of a PFF mission can be expected to involve multihop relaying to achieve network connectivity (see figure), the proposed protocol includes the open shortest path first (OSPF) network protocol that is commonly used in the Internet. Each spacecraft in a PFF network would be in one of seven distinct states as the mission evolved from initial deployment, through coarse formation, and into precise formation. Reconfiguration of the formation to perform different scientific observations would also cause state changes among the network nodes. The application protocol provides for recognition and tracking of the seven states for each node and for protocol changes under specified conditions to adapt the network and satisfy communication requirements associated with the current PFF mission phase. Except during early deployment, when peer-to-peer random access discovery methods would be used, the application protocol provides for operation in a centralized manner.

Jennings, Esther↗

The technical communication practices of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists

As part of Phase 4 of the NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project, two studies were conducted that investigated the technical communication practices of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists. Both studies had the same five objectives: first, to solicit the opinions of aerospace engineers and scientists regarding the importance of technical communication to their professions; second, to determine the use and production of technical communication by aerospace engineers and scientists; third, to seek their views about the appropriate content of the undergraduate course in technical communication; fourth, to determine aerospace engineers' and scientists' use of libraries, technical information centers, and on-line databases; and fifth, to determine the use and importance of computer and information technology to them. A self administered questionnaire was distributed to Russian aerospace engineers and scientists at the Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) and to their U.S. counterparts at the NASA Ames Research Center and the NASA Langley Research Center. The completion rates for the Russian and U.S. surveys were 64 and 61 percent, respectively. Responses of the Russian and U.S. participants to selected questions are presented in this paper.

Pinelli, Thomas E.↗

Media Relations Strategies in a Post-Information Age - 18452

Many organizations that deal with radioactive materials reluctantly engage in media relations and social media. This paper explores the drivers behind the dramatic coverage of clean-up activities nearest to large media markets. Interviews and media analysis reveal how companies and government actors responded to aggressive media investigations. Insights from professional journalists demonstrate the significance of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and computer assisted reporting on past and future coverage. Coverage of Hanford and Santa Susana Field Laboratory set the stage for creative engagement strategies developed to support public interest in clean-up efforts. Industrial and engineering firms, particularly small to mid-sized subcontractors, often place less priority on media and public relations. However, recent examples demonstrate that organizations that deal with scientific risk must evolve. Firms that acknowledge changing media trends update their communication strategies in ways that improve public trust and understanding. It's easy to understand why many organizations resist communicating when public concerns arise. Legal issues and contract restrictions may limit communications. The return on investment may seem low. Understanding exposure and hazard requires perspective, context and accuracy. Reporters and citizens also have better access to primary sources. Computer assisted reporting (CAR) and the dramatic rise of requests under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lay bare details of the inner workings of complex situations, often without context. Examples from FOIA requests and challenges filed in the U.S. district courts, are described to help project administrators understand the points of view that can take shape on government projects from filings and disclosures. The range of benefits and risks of ongoing interaction with reporters provides a framework for assessing the right level of effort. For remediation efforts near large media markets, the influence of effective communication is magnified. (authors)

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Multiple Benefits of Industrial Energy Efficiency – Lessons Learned and New Initiatives

Past research has shown that energy efficiency implementation in manufacturing can yield additional, quantifiable benefits in areas such as maintenance, production and environmental performance. However, these types of benefits don’t often get identified or estimated during energy efficiency assessments on industrial plants or systems. In addition, these types of benefits are often omitted from conventional performance metrics, leading to overly modest payback calculations and an imperfect understanding of the impact of energy efficiency in manufacturing. If the non-energy related or multiple benefits of energy efficiency measures were to be estimated with good certainty in industrial energy assessments, the true magnitude of energy efficiency measures could be understood, leading to better and more accurate return on investment estimates for energy efficiency projects. According to the IEA report “Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency (2014),” the monetary value of non-energy benefits stemming from industrial energy efficiency implementation could be in the range of 40% to 50% of the value of energy savings per measure, which could lower energy-efficiency project paybacks by more than half. In order to integrate the potential multiple benefits of energy-efficiency investments in energy efficiency assessments, these benefits need to be identified and quantified during energy efficiency assessments. To help achieve this an effort is underway to develop a training platform to enable companies and individuals who perform energy assessments to include multiple benefits of energy efficiency in project evaluations. This platform will include tools to analyze energy-saving projects, training workshops, and communications techniques and materials to provide the knowledge base to effectively integrate multiple benefits in the investment evaluations of energy efficiency measures. By integrating multiple benefit analyses in the energy assessments and assessment reports it is expected that the business case for energy efficiency will be bolstered leading to greater implementation of energy efficiency projects in manufacturing. This paper will discuss previous research showing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency in manufacturing and the analytical and communications framework that will enable the integration of multiple benefits in energy efficiency assessments.

Lung, Bruce↗