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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Liquid-phase mixing of bipropellant doublets

Experimental results of unlike doublet mixing are correlated with an analytically derived equation predicting fluid cavitation. The correlation relates the minimum orifice pressure drop required to initiate cavitation, with the system back pressure, cold flow simulant vapor pressure, and the orifice flow discharge and contraction coefficients. Stream flow instabilities are also visually correlated with the onset of cavitation and orifice discharge coefficient measurements. The influence of cavitation on the characteristic phenomenon of hydraulic flip is observed for both circular and noncircular shaped orifices. For certain intermediate orifice lengths, some noncircular shapes are shown to produce more fully developed flows (shorter recovery lengths) and therefore a more cohesive jet, which in turn yields slightly higher cold flow mixing uniformities than circular shaped orifices of equal absolute length. The particular noncircular shaped elements evaluated are shown to be more sensitive to liquid stream misimpingement than the corresponding circular orifices.

Hoehn, F. W.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Generation of Mixing Across the Stratospheric Polarvortex Edge By Breaking Gravity Waves

Modern high resolution global atmospheric analyses are capable of resolving larger gravity waves, including their generation, propagation, and breaking. Orographically generated gravity waves that break in the middle stratosphere often appear as disturbances in maps of potential vorticity, a key stratospheric dynamical quantity. Using analyses from the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, we show how gravity waves not only disturb the local flow above them but can generate flow instabilities leading to eddies that propagate around the stratospheric polar vortex, creating significant mixing across the vortex edge and into the polar region. These disturbances and mixing events are especially noticeable during NH winter months with low planetary scale wave activity such as in January 2022. During January 2022, the initially circular flow around the polar vortex was disrupted by breaking gravity waves, leading to unstable flow that created a chain of eddies around the vortex edge. The mixing associated with this process led to increased ozone in the upper stratosphere polar region.

Polar Vortex↗
NASA NTRS1989

The effects of magnetic fields on the growth of thermal instabilities in cooling flows

The effects of heat conduction and magnetic fields on the growth of thermal instabilities in cooling flows are examined using a time-dependent hydrodynamics code. It is found that, for magnetic field strengths of roughly 1 micro-Gauss, magnetic pressure forces can completely suppress shocks from forming in thermally unstable entropy perturbations with initial length scales as large as 20 kpc, even for initial amplitudes as great as 60 percent. Perturbations with initial amplitudes of 50 percent and initial magnetic field strengths of 1 micro-Gauss cool to 10,000 K on a time scale which is only 22 percent of the initial instantaneous cooling time. Nonlinear perturbations can thus condense out of cooling flows on a time scale substantially less than the time required for linear perturbations and produce significant mass deposition of cold gas while the accreting intracluster gas is still at large radii.

David, Laurence P.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Transient phenomena of shock-induced turbulent separation for a spikebody and stalling airfoil at transonic and supersonic speeds

The time-dependent, compressible, Reynolds-averaged, full Navier-Stokes equations are applied to solve an axisymmetric flow around a forward-facing stepbody (spikebody) at supersonic speeds and a stalling airfoil at transonic speeds. Important transient and unsteady phenomena, not yet well understood, are examined, and significant new findings of the present solution to the phenomena are discussed. The phenomena described in detail are as follows: The evolution of the shock wave pressure built up by the impact of the pressure waves, one from the trailing edge; the separation of the flow as influenced by the shock wave; the location of the reversed flow, the separation point, and the reattachment point; and the transient (or unsteady) phenomena of the flow pulsation, oscillation, and stalling of the body and airfoil wake flow. The numerical results show that the transient flow instability is caused by a supersonic jet induced in the separation bubble by the shock-bifurcation (lambda shock) mechanism between the separation shock and the reflected shock. Pulsation and stall phenomena are caused by a sudden increase in the leading-edge pressure due to the jet and the separation bubble interacting along the stagnation point flow.

Yoshikawa, K. K.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Developmental testing resulting in a simplified liquid oxygen check valve for the Space Shuttle Main Propulsion System

The coil spring in a Space Shuttle liquid oxygen check valve failed due to cyclic fatigue in September, 1991. The dual-flapper, swing check valve is used to prevent reverse flow to the Space Shuttle Main Engines. Upon inspection of the failed component, the spring tangs were found to be missing and heavy wear was observed on the inner diameter of the spring coils. The fracture surfaces revealed that the metal had been steadily worn away until a simple overload caused the final fracture. A series of flow tests using water and a water/gas mixture was conducted to identify the flow phenomenon which produced the cyclic wear. A Plexiglas outlet housing was utilized to view the flapper behavior under different flow conditions and to aid in high speed photography. The tests revealed that flow instabilities induced two oscillatory flapper responses: a rocking mode and a chattering mode. Initially, attempts were made to reduce the spring-flapper oscillations. However, the final solution to the problem was a springless configuration which satisfied the valve's design requirements and eliminated the oscillations. The springless design relied on the inherent ability of the reverse flow momentum to close the flappers.

Aber, Gregory S.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Numerical analysis of Microgravity Bubble Separation in Open Channels with ISS Bemchmarks

Spacecraft fluid systems often require specific considerations to operate in a manner similar to those on Earth. For instance, an open wedge shaped channel can serve as a pathway for passively separating bubbles from a liquid in a two phase flow, analogous to buoyancy effects on Earth. As the bubbles merge within the channel, they become increasingly confined in the wedge, driving them upwards and outwards toward the free surface due to capillary forces. These same forces ensure coalescence and allow the bubbles to escape through the free surface. However, in low gravity environments, a challenge arises when bubbles are not sufficiently large. Under such conditions, the bubbles tend to follow trajectories near their inscribed elevations, never fully leaving the liquid. Such unseparated bubbles can lead to downstream pump failure, cavitation, flow instabilities, dryout, and other adverse effects aboard spacecraft. Understanding and exploiting the underlying mechanisms behind this behavior is crucial for enhancing the reliability of passive capillary fluids management in space applications, including cryogenic and storable fuels transport, thermal fluids circulation, water recycling for life support, plant watering systems, and more. The joint German Aerospace Center (DLR) and NASA Capillary Channel Flow (CCF) experiment conducted on the International Space Station has provided an extensive publicly available database documenting such phenomena (https://science.nasa.gov/physical sciences informatics psi). Leveraging this resource, we aim to establish benchmarks for our numerical investigation of zero gravity bubbly two phase flow in open wedge channels. Specifically, we seek to quantitatively understand the mechanisms governing ‘inscribed’ bubble motion, considering the apparent interplay of two competing forces: Saffman lift (causing upward/outward motion) and the Magnus effect (causing downward/inward motion). Our cross cutting findings directly inform the development of robust passive phase separation methods within spacecraft plumbing systems.

bubble↗
NASA NTRS1996

Current Results and Proposed Activities in Microgravity Fluid Dynamics

The Institute for Problems in Mechanics' Laboratory work in mathematical and physical modelling of fluid mechanics develops models, methods, and software for analysis of fluid flow, instability analysis, direct numerical modelling and semi-empirical models of turbulence, as well as experimental research and verification of these models and their applications in technological fluid dynamics, microgravity fluid mechanics, geophysics, and a number of engineering problems. This paper presents an overview of the results in microgravity fluid dynamics research during the last two years. Nonlinear problems of weakly compressible and compressible fluid flows are discussed.

Polezhaev, V. I.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Double Diffusive Convection in Materials Processing

A great number of crystals grown in space are plagued by convective motions which contribute to structural flaws. The character of these instabilities is not well understood but is associated with density variations in the presence of residual gravity (g-jitter). As a specific example, past HgCdTe crystal growth space experiments by Lehoczky and co-workers indicate radial compositional asymmetry in the grown crystals. In the case of HgCdTe the rejected component into the melt upon solidification is HgTe which is denser than the melt. The space grown crystals indicate the presence of three dimensional flow with the heavier HgTe-rich material clearly aligned with the residual gravity (0.55-1.55 micro g) vector. This flow stems from double-diffusive convection, namely, thermal and solutal buoyancy driven flow in the melt. The study of double-diffusive convection is multi-faceted and rather vast. In our investigation, we seek to focus on one specific aspect of this discipline that is of direct relevance to materials processing especially crystal growth, namely, the side ways heating regime. This problem has been widely studied, both experimentally and numerically, in the context of solar ponds wherein the system is characterized by a linear salt (solutal) gradient with an imposed lateral temperature gradient. The induced flow instabilities arise from the wide disparity between the fluid thermal diffusivity and the solute diffusivity. The extension of the analysis to practical crystal growth applications has however not been rigorously made and understood. One subtle but important difference in crystal growth systems is the fact that die system solute gradient is non-linear (typically exponential). Besides, the crystal growth problem has the added complexities of solidification, both lateral and longitudinal thermal gradients and segregation phenomena in systems where binary and ternary compounds are being grown. This paper treats the side ways heating problem alone in a model fluid system. Results from detailed numerical calculations, mainly two dimensional are provided. The interactions between a non-linear solute gradient and an imposed transverse thermal gradient are investigated. The buoyancy effects are treated in the traditional Boussinesq approximation and also in a more complete density formulation to address recent concerns of the first approach especially in simulations of the system response in a reduced gravity environment. Detailed flow, temperature and solute field plots along with heat and mass transfer results are presented in the paper. Implications to practical crystal growth systems as discerned from the modeling results are also explored and reported.

Ramachandra, Narayanan↗
NASA NTRS1993

On the cross-stream spectral method for the Orr-Sommerfeld equation

Cross-stream models are defined as solutions to the Orr-Sommerfeld equation which are propagating normal to the flow direction. These models are utilized as a basis for a Hilbert space to approximate the spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation with plane Poiseuille flow. The cross-stream basis leads to a standard eigenvalue problem for the frequencies of Poiseuille flow instability waves. The coefficient matrix in the eigenvalue problem is shown to be the sum of a real matrix and a negative-imaginary diagonal matrix which represents the frequencies of the cross-stream modes. The real coefficient matrix is shown to approach a Toeplitz matrix when the row and column indices are large. The Toeplitz matrix is diagonally dominant, and the diagonal elements vary inversely in magnitude with diagonal position. The Poiseuille flow eigenvalues are shown to lie within Gersgorin disks with radii bounded by the product of the average flow speed and the axial wavenumber. It is shown that the eigenvalues approach the Gersgorin disk centers when the mode index is large, so that the method may be used to compute spectra with an essentially unlimited number of elements. When the mode index is large, the real part of the eigenvalue is the product of the axial wavenumber and the average flow speed, and the imaginary part of the eigen value is identical to the corresponding cross-stream mode frequency. The cross-stream method is numerically well-conditioned in comparison to Chebyshev based methods, providing equivalent accuracy for small mode indices and superior accuracy for large indices.

Zorumski, William E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Arcjet thruster research and technology, phase 1

The objectives of Phase 1 were to evaluate analytically and experimentally the operation, performance, and lifetime of arcjet thrusters operating between 0.5 and 3.0 kW with catalytically decomposed hydrazine (N2H4) and to begin development of the requisite power control unit (PCU) technology. Fundamental analyses were performed of the arcjet nozzle, the gas kinetic reaction effects, the thermal environment, and the arc stabilizing vortex. The VNAP2 flow code was used to analyze arcjet nozzle performance with non-uniform entrance profiles. Viscous losses become dominant beyond expansion ratios of 50:1 because of the low Reynolds numbers. A survey of vortex phenomena and analysis techniques identified viscous dissipation and vortex breakdown as two flow instabilities that could affect arcjet operation. The gas kinetics code CREK1D was used to study the gas kinetics of high temperature N2H4 decomposition products. The arc/gas energy transfer is a non-equilibrium process because of the reaction rate constants and the short gas residence times. A thermal analysis code was used to guide design work and to provide a means to back out power losses at the anode fall based on test thermocouple data. The low flow rate and large thermal masses made optimization of a regenerative heating scheme unnecessary.

Knowles, Steven C.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Minnowbrook III: 2000 Workshop on Boundary Layer Transition and Unsteady Aspects of Turbomachinery Flows

This volume and its accompanying CD-ROM contain materials presented at the Minnowbrook III-2000 Workshop on Boundary Layer Transition and Unsteady Aspects of Turbomachinery Flows held at the Syracuse University Minnowbrook Conference Center, Blue Mountain Lake, New York, August 20-23, 2000. Workshop organizers were John E. LaGraff (Syracuse University), Terry V Jones (Oxford University), and J. Paul Gostelow (University of Leicester). The workshop followed the theme, venue, and informal format of two earlier workshops: Minnowbrook I (1993) and Minnowbrook II (1997). The workshop was focused on physical understanding the late stage (final breakdown) boundary layer transition, separation, and effects of unsteady wakes with the specific goal of contributing to engineering application of improving design codes for turbomachinery. The workshop participants included academic researchers from the USA and abroad, and representatives from the gas-turbine industry and government laboratories. The physical mechanisms discussed included turbulence disturbance environment in turbomachinery, flow instabilities, bypass and natural transition, turbulent spots and calmed regions, wake interactions with attached and separated boundary layers, turbulence and transition modeling and CFD, and DNS. This volume contains abstracts and copies of the viewgraphs presented, organized according to the workshop sessions. The viewgraphs are included on the CD-ROM only. The workshop summary and the plenary-discussion transcripts clearly highlight the need for continued vigorous research in the technologically important area of transition, separated and unsteady flows in turbomachines.

LaGraff, John E.↗
DOE OSTI2022

A User Guide to PARET/ANL

PARET was originally created in 1969 at what is now Idaho National Laboratory (INL), to analyze reactivity insertion events in research and test reactor cores cooled by light or heavy water, with fuel composed of either plates or pins. The use of PARET is also appropriate for fuel assemblies with curved fuel plates when their radii of curvatures are large with respect to the fuel plate thickness. The PARET/ANL version of the code has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy/NNSA since the inception of the Reactor Conversion Program. Since Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) began in 1978, PARET/ANL has been benchmarked to experimental data including SPERT testing, and used to determine the expected transient behavior of a large number of reactors regardless of enrichment both inside and outside the Reactor Conversion Program. This document provides the pertinent information for the use of PARET/ANL Version 7.6. PARET/ANL models the various fueled regions of a reactor core as channels. Each of these channels consists of a single flat fuel plate/pin (including cladding and, optionally, a gap) with water coolant on each side. In slab geometry the coolant channels for a given fuel plate are of identical dimensions (mirror symmetry), but they can be of different thickness in each channel. There can be many channels, but each channel is independent and coupled only through reactivity feedback effects to the whole core. The time-dependent differential equations that represent the system are replaced by an equivalent set of finite-difference equations in space and time, which are integrated numerically. PARET/ANL uses fundamentally the same numerical scheme as RELAP5 for the time-integration of the point-kinetics equations. The one-dimensional thermal-hydraulic model includes temperature-dependent thermal properties of the solid materials, such as heat capacity and thermal conductivity, as well as the transient heat production and heat transfer from the fuel meat to the coolant. Temperature- and pressure-dependent thermal properties of the coolant such as enthalpy, density, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are also used in determining parameters such as friction factors and heat transfer coefficients. The code first determines the steady-state solution for the initial state. Then the solution of the transient is obtained by integration in time and space. Multiple heat transfer, DNB and flow instability correlations are available. The code was originally developed to model reactors cooled by an open loop, which was adequate for rapid transients in pool-type cores. An external loop model appropriate for Miniature Neutron Source Reactors (MNSR’s) was also added to PARET/ANL to model natural circulation within the vessel, heat transfer from the vessel to pool and heat loss by evaporation from the pool. PARET/ANL also contains models for decay heat after shutdown, control rod reactivity versus time or position, time-dependent pump flow, and loss-of-flow event with flow reversal as well as logic for trips on period, power, and flow. Feedback reactivity effects from coolant density changes and temperature changes are represented by tables. Feedback reactivity from fuel heat-up (Doppler Effect) is represented by a four-term polynomial in powers of fuel temperature. Photo-neutrons produced in beryllium or in heavy water may be included in the point-kinetics equations by using additional delayed neutron groups.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
NASA NTRS2001

Computational Relativistic Astrophysics Using the Flowfield-Dependent Variation Theory

Theoretical models, observations and measurements have preoccupied astrophysicists for many centuries. Only in recent years, has the theory of relativity as applied to astrophysical flows met the challenges of how the governing equations can be solved numerically with accuracy and efficiency. Even without the effects of relativity, the physics of magnetohydrodynamic flow instability, turbulence, radiation, and enhanced transport in accretion disks has not been completely resolved. Relativistic effects become pronounced in such cases as jet formation from black hole magnetized accretion disks and also in the study of Gamma-Ray bursts (GRB). Thus, our concern in this paper is to reexamine existing numerical simulation tools as to the accuracy and efficiency of computations and introduce a new approach known as the flowfield-dependent variation (FDV) method. The main feature of the FDV method consists of accommodating discontinuities of shock waves and high gradients of flow variables such as occur in turbulence and unstable motions. In this paper, the physics involved in the solution of relativistic hydrodynamics and solution strategies of the FDV theory are elaborated. The general relativistic astrophysical flow and shock solver (GRAFSS) is introduced, and some simple example problems for Computational Relativistic Astrophysics (CRA) are demonstrated.

Richardson, G. A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE): Latest Findings from the Summary ISS Experiments

Since 2011, researchers from Purdue University and NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) have been collaborating to investigate the effects of gravity on several aspects of flow boiling and flow condensation. This massive research endeavor, termed the Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE), has culminated in development of NASA’s largest and most complex facility for investigation of two-phase fluid physics onboard the ISS. FBCE consists of two separate studies: flow boiling, using the Flow Boiling Module (FBM), and flow condensation, using the Condensation Module for Heat Transfer Measurements (CM-HT); the FBM experiments have already been completed while the condensation experiments began in 2024. This presentation will summarize mostly new results from the flow boiling experiments, with a focus on analysis of pressure drop and two-phase flow instabilities in microgravity using both experimental data and video records from the ISS experiments, as well as development of machine learning models. These new predictive tools are part of the arsenal of predictive methods developed by the Purdue-Glenn team for design of future space systems.

Microgravity↗
NASA NTRS1972

Additional research on instabilities in atmospheric flow systems associated with clear air turbulence

Analytical and experimental fluid mechanics studies were conducted to investigate instabilities in atmospheric flow systems associated with clear air turbulence. The experimental portion of the program was conducted using an open water channel which allows investigation of flows having wide ranges of shear and density stratification. The program was primarily directed toward studies of the stability of straight, stratified shear flows with particular emphasis on the effects of velocity profile on stability; on studies of three-dimensional effects on the breakdown region in shear layers; on the the interaction of shear flows with long-wave length internal waves; and on the stability of shear flows consisting of adjacent stable layers. The results of these studies were used to evaluate methods used in analyses of CAT encounters in the atmosphere involving wave-induced shear layer instabilities of the Kelvin-Helmholta type. A computer program was developed for predicting shear-layer instability and CAT induced by mountain waves. This technique predicts specific altitudes and locations where CAT would be expected.

Stoeffler, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

On the nonlinear three dimensional instability of Stokes layers and other shear layers to pairs of oblique waves

The nonlinear evolution of a pair of initially oblique waves in a high Reynolds Number Stokes layer is studied. Attention is focused on times when disturbances of amplitude epsilon have O(epsilon(exp 1/3)R) growth rates, where R is the Reynolds number. The development of a pair of oblique waves is then controlled by nonlinear critical-layer effects. Viscous effects are included by studying the distinguished scaling epsilon = O(R(exp -1)). This leads to a complicated modification of the kernel function in the integro-differential amplitude equation. When viscosity is not too large, solutions to the amplitude equation develop a finite-time singularity, indicating that an explosive growth can be introduced by nonlinear effects; we suggest that such explosive growth can lead to the bursts observed in experiments. Increasing the importance of viscosity generally delays the occurrence of the finite-time singularity, and sufficiently large viscosity may lead to the disturbance decaying exponentially. For the special case when the streamwise and spanwise wavenumbers are equal, the solution can evolve into a periodic oscillation. A link between the unsteady critical-layer approach to high-Reynolds-number flow instability, and the wave vortex approach is identified.

Wu, Xuesong↗
DOE OSTI2021

Pore-Scale Dynamics of Liquid CO2–Water Displacement in 2D Axisymmetric Porous Micromodels Under Strong Drainage and Weak Imbibition Conditions: High-Speed μPIV Measurements

Resolving pore-scale transient flow dynamics is crucial to understanding the physics underlying multiphase flow in porous media and informing large-scale predictive models. Surface properties of the porous matrix play an important role in controlling such physics, yet interfacial mechanisms remain poorly understood, in part due to a lack of direct observations. This study reports on an experimental investigation of the pore-scale flow dynamics of liquid CO 2 and water in two-dimensional (2D) circular porous micromodels with different surface characteristics employing high-speed microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV). The design of the micromodel minimized side boundary effects due to the limited size of the domain. The high-speed μPIV technique resolved the spatial and temporal dynamics of multiphase flow of CO 2 and water under reservoir-relevant conditions, for both drainage and imbibition scenarios. When CO 2 displaced water in a hydrophilic micromodel (i.e., drainage), unstable capillary fingering occurred and the pore flow was dominated by successive pore-scale burst events (i.e., Haines jumps). When the same experiment was repeated in a nearly neutral wetting micromodel (i.e., weak imbibition), flow instability and fluctuations were virtually eliminated, leading to a more compact displacement pattern. Energy balance analysis indicates that the conversion efficiency between surface energy and external work is less than 30%, and that kinetic energy is a disproportionately smaller contributor to the energy budget. This is true even during a Haines jump event, which induces velocities typically two orders of magnitude higher than the bulk velocity. These novel measurements further enabled direct observations of the meniscus displacement, revealing a significant alteration of the pore filling mechanisms during drainage and imbibition. While the former typically featured burst events, which often occur only at one of the several throats connecting a pore, the latter is typically dominated by a cooperative filling mechanism involving simultaneous invasion of a pore from multiple throats. This cooperative filling mechanism leads to merging of two interfaces and releases surface energy, causing instantaneous high-speed events that are similar, yet fundamentally different from, burst events. Finally, pore-scale velocity fields were statistically analyzed to provide a quantitative measure of the role of capillary effects in these pore flows.

Li, Yaofa↗
NASA NTRS1994

Dynamics of the magnetic shearing instability and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in accretion disks. 1: Vertical magnetic field

Recently, the magnetic shearing instability (MSI) has been proposed as a dynamical mechanism for angular momentum transport in accretion disks (Balbus & Hawley 1991; Hawley & Balbus 1991). In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of MSI modes in the presence of a vertical magnetic field B(sub 0) is discussed. In particular, the saturation levels of the fluctuating fields, the angular momentum flux, and the energy dissipation mechanism, are examined in detail. It is shown that MSI induces strong magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in a range of wavenumbers 1/H is less than K is less than or equal to Omega/V(sub A)(sub 0)), where H is the thickness, Omega is the rotation frequency of the disk, and V(sub A)(sub 0) is the Alfven velocity. Despite the fact that the linear growth rate of MSI is maximal at small-scale (i.e., k is approximately Omega/V(sub A(sub 0)), angular momentum transport due to MSI turbulence is dominated by the magnetic Reynolds stress driven by large-scale modes (k is approximately 1/H). It is shown that the amplitude of low k(sub r) MSI eddies is limited primarily by subscale shear flow instability. Thus, dominant MSI cells are quasi-isotropic. In a stationary state, the effective Shakura-Sunyaev 'alpha' value is predicted to be of order V(sub A)(sub 0)0/C(sub s). In addition, the veritcal magnetic-field-induced MSI cells convert vertical magnetic field B(sub 0) into azimuthal magnetic field B(sub theta) in the disk. The generation of azimuthal magnetic field in turn introduces new physical processes, such as dynamo activity and azimuthal MSI turbulence. We conclude that it is not possible to decouple vertical MSI saturation from azimuthal MSI evolution. Low-frequency MSI cells are shown to co-exist with high-frequency radial buoyancy or internal waves. We show that modulational interaction between waves on these two frequency ranges is usually weak in the case when mean magnetic field is vertical. Thus, MSI and internal wave dynamics must be treated on an equal footing.

Zhang, W.↗