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At least 181 records · Page 10

Aerodynamic performance of a fully film cooled core turbine vane tested with cold air in a two-dimensional cascade

The aerodynamic performance of a fully film cooled core turbine vane was investigated experimentally in a two-dimensional cascade of 10 vanes. Three of the 10 vanes were cooled; the others were solid (uncooled) vanes. Cold air was used for both the primary and coolant flows. The cascade test covered a range of pressure ratios corresponding to ideal exit critical velocity ratios of 0.6 to 0.95 and a range of coolant flow rates to 7.5 percent of the primary flow. The coolant flow was varied by changing the coolant supply pressure. The principal measurements were cross-channel surveys of exit total pressure, static pressure, and flow angle. The results presented include exit survey data and overall performance in terms of loss, flow angle, and weight flow for the range of exit velocity ratios and coolant flows investigated. The performance of the cooled vane is compared with the performance of an uncooled vane of the same profile and also with the performance obtained with a single cooled vane in the 10-vane cascade.

Stabe, R. G.↗

Experimental Results of the First Two Stages of an Advanced Transonic Core Compressor Under Isolated and Multi-Stage Conditions

NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Program calls for investigation of the technology barriers associated with improved fuel efficiency of large gas turbine engines. Under ERA the task for a High Pressure Ratio Core Technology program calls for a higher overall pressure ratio of 60 to 70. This mean that the HPC would have to almost double in pressure ratio and keep its high level of efficiency. The challenge is how to match the corrected mass flow rate of the front two supersonic high reaction and high corrected tip speed stages with a total pressure ratio of 3.5. NASA and GE teamed to address this challenge by using the initial geometry of an advanced GE compressor design to meet the requirements of the first 2 stages of the very high pressure ratio core compressor. The rig was configured to run as a 2 stage machine, with Strut and IGV, Rotor 1 and Stator 1 run as independent tests which were then followed by adding the second stage. The goal is to fully understand the stage performances under isolated and multi-stage conditions and fully understand any differences and provide a detailed aerodynamic data set for CFD validation. Full use was made of steady and unsteady measurement methods to isolate fluid dynamics loss source mechanisms due to interaction and endwalls. The paper will present the description of the compressor test article, its predicted performance and operability, and the experimental results for both the single stage and two stage configurations. We focus the detailed measurements on 97 and 100 of design speed at 3 vane setting angles.

turbomachinery↗

Application of a Runge-Kutta scheme for high-speed inviscid internal flows

A multi-stage Runge-Kutta method is analyzed for solving the two-dimensional Euler equations for external and internal flow problems. Subsonic, supersonic and, highly supersonic flows are studied. Various techniques for accelerating the convergence to a steady state are described and analyzed. Effects of the grid aspect ratio on the rate of convergence are evaluated. An enthalpy damping technique applicable to supersonic flows is described in detail. Numerical results for supersonic flows containing both oblique and normal shocks are presented confirming the efficiency of the method.

Moitra, A.↗

Application of Runge-Kutta scheme for high-speed inviscid internal flows

A multi-stage Runge-Kutta method is analyzed for solving the two-dimensional Euler equations for external and internal flow problems. Subsonic, supersonic and, highly supersonic flows are studied. Various techniques for accelerating the convergence to a steady state are described and analyzed. Effects of the grid aspect ratio on the rate of convergence are evaluated. An enthalpy damping technique applicable to supersonic flows is described in detail. Numerical results for supersonic flows containing both oblique and normal shocks are presented confirming the efficiency of the method.

Moitra, A.↗

Effects of bleed-hole geometry and plenum pressure on three-dimensional shock-wave/boundary-layer/bleed interactions

A numerical study was performed to investigate 3D shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions on a flat plate with bleed through one or more circular holes that vent into a plenum. This study was focused on how bleed-hole geometry and pressure ratio across bleed holes affect the bleed rate and the physics of the flow in the vicinity of the holes. The aspects of the bleed-hole geometry investigated include angle of bleed hole and the number of bleed holes. The plenum/freestream pressure ratios investigated range from 0.3 to 1.7. This study is based on the ensemble-averaged, 'full compressible' Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations closed by the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model. Solutions to the ensemble-averaged N-S equations were obtained by an implicit finite-volume method using the partially-split, two-factored algorithm of Steger on an overlapping Chimera grid.

Chyu, Wei J.↗

Studies of engine-airframe integrated hypersonic vehicles

A parametric study of an integrated airframe and engine is presented for a hypersonic transport at an altitude of 70,000 feet and a free stream Mach number of 6. The engine considered is a subsonic combustion ramjet using conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The lift-to-drag ratio of the aircraft for two configurations, one with full capture and accelerated flight and the other allowing spillage of the leading shock and in unaccelerated flight, is studied. The parameters varied are the engine efficiencies, the angle of attack, the combustion rates, as well as the captured mass flow. Lift-to-drag ratios on the order of 6.5 are obtained.

Saland, H.↗

Evaluation of some control-volume techniques for analysis of shock-boundary layer interactions in supersonic inlets

Various control-volume models used to analyze the shock boundary layer bleed interaction were investigated. The bleed assumptions of the models and their influence on the analytical solutions are discussed. The results of the analysis using these models are compared with experimental boundary-layer data taken in a supersonic inlet. The experimental Mach number upstream of the interaction was 1.66, and the oblique-shock pressure ratio was 1.33. The boundary layer data included bleed flow rates up to approximately 0.6 of the upstream boundary layer mass flow rate. The first model assumed the bleed was removed from the control volume with a momentum that was characterized by a pressure intermediate between the upstream and downstream pressures. The second model assumed the control volume was bounded by a streamline dividing the bleed and residual flows and eliminated the need to specify the momentum of the bleed flow. Comparison of the results using the models showed that specifying the bleed pressure in one model was equivalent to specifying the pressure along the dividing streamline in the other.

Hingst, W. R.↗

Aeroacoustics of a porous plug jet noise suppressor

The aeroacoustics of a porous plug jet noise suppressor was investigated. The predicted flow features of isentropic plug nozzles for different pressure ratios or exit flow Mach numbers, throat areas, ratios of the plug to annular nozzle radii, mass flow rates and the available run times possible with the existing compressed air supply system, are compiled. The dimensions and the coordinates of the contour of typical isentropic external expansion plugs with different exit flow Mach numbers are listed. Design details of the experimental facility and the plug nozzle selected for experimental aeroacoustic studies are reported. The analytical flow prediction by method of characteristics of a conical porous plug nozzles is initiated. The role of the shape, size, and porosity of the plug surface in achieving over a perforated conical plug a nearly isentropic shockfree supersonic flow field which is closely similar to the flow field of a contoured isentropic plug nozzle is examined.

Dosanjh, D. S.↗

Computational analysis of the flowfield of a two-dimensional ejector nozzle

A time-iterative full Navier-Stokes code, PARC, is used to analyze the flowfield of a two-dimensional ejector nozzle system. A parametric study was performed for two controlling parameters, duct to nozzle area ratio and nozzle pressure ratio. Results show that there is an optimum area ratio for the efficient pumping of secondary flow. At high area ratios, a freestream flow passes directly through the mixing duct without giving adequate pumping. At low area ratios, the jet boundary blocks the incoming flow. The nozzle pressure ratio variation shows that the pumping rate increases as the pressure ratio increases, provided there is no interaction between the shroud wall and the shock cell structure.

Choi, Y. H.↗

Computational analysis of the flowfield of a two-dimensional ejector nozzle

A time-iterative full Navier-Stokes code, PARC, is used to analyze the flowfield of a two-dimensional ejector nozzle system. A parametric study was performed for two controlling parameters, duct to nozzle area ratio and nozzle pressure ratio. Results show that there is an optimum area ratio for the efficient pumping of secondary flow. At high area ratios, a freestream flow passes directly through the mixing duct without giving adequate pumping. At low area ratios, the jet boundary blocks the incoming flow. The nozzle pressure ratio variation shows that the pumping rate increases as the pressure ratio increases, provided there is no interaction between the shroud wall and the shock cell structure.

Choi, Y. H.↗

Solutions of laminar-boundary-equations which result in specific-weight-flow profiles locally exceeding free-stream values

Revised solutions of the laminar-boundary-layer equations for cases which involved cooling at the wall combined with large pressure gradients in the main stream produced specific-weight-flow profiles which locally exceeded free-stream values. Heat-transfer and friction coefficients, boundary-layer thicknesses, and velocity, temperature, and specific-weight-flow distributions resulting from the revised solutions are presented for Euler numbers of 0.5 and 1, stream-to-wall temperature ratios of 2 and 4, and cooling-air flow rates through porous walls designated by flow parameters of 0, -0.5, and -1.

HEAT TRANSFER, AERODYNAMIC↗

Propellant vaporization as a criterion for rocket-engine design : experimental effect of fuel temperature on liquid-oxygen - heptane performance

Characteristic exhaust velocity of a 200-pound-thrust rocket engine was evaluated for fuel temperatures of -90 degrees, and 200 degrees f with a spray formed by two impinging heptane jets reacting in a highly atomized oxygen atmosphere. Tests covered a range of mixture ratios and chamber lengths. The characteristic exhaust-velocity efficiency increased 2 percent for a 290 degree f increase in fuel temperature. This increase in performance can be compared with that obtained by increasing chamber length by about 1/2 inch. The result agrees with the fuel-temperature effect predicted from an analysis based on droplet evaporation theory. Mixture ratio markedly affected characteristic exhaust velocity efficiency, but total flow rate and fuel temperature did not.

Heidmann, M F↗

The use of rice hulls for sustainable control of NOx emissions in deep space missions

The use of the activated carbon produced from rice hulls to control NOx emissions for future deep space missions has been demonstrated. The optimal carbonization temperature range was found to be between 600 and 750 degrees C. A burnoff of 61.8% was found at 700 degrees C in pyrolysis and 750 degrees C in activation. The BET surface area of the activated carbon from rice hulls was determined to be 172 m2/g when prepared at 700 degrees C. The presence of oxygen in flue gas is essential for effective adsorption of NO by activated carbon. On the contrary, water vapor inhibits the adsorption efficiency of NO. Consequently, water vapor in flue gas should be removed by drying agents before adsorption to ensure high NO adsorption efficiency. All of the NO in the flue gas was removed for more than 1.5 h when 10% oxygen was present and the ratio of the carbon weight to the flue gas flow rate (W/F) was 15.4 g min/L. Reduction of the adsorbed NO to form N2 could be effectively accomplished under anaerobic conditions at 550 degrees C. The adsorption capacity of NO on the activated carbon was found to be 5.02 mg of NO/g of carbon. The loss of carbon mass was determined to be about 0.16% of the activated carbon per cycle of regeneration if the regeneration occurred when the NO in the flue gas after the carbon bed reached 4.8 ppm, the space maximum allowable concentration. The reduction of the adsorbed NO also regenerated the activated carbon, and the regenerated activated carbon exhibited an improved NO adsorption efficiency.

NASA Program Advanced Human Support Technology↗

Evaluation of Dowfrost(TM) HD as a Thermal Control Fluid for Constellation Vehicles

A test was conducted from November 2008 to January 2009 to help determine the compatibility of an inhibited propylene glycol/water solution with planned Constellation vehicles. Dowfrost(TradeMark) HD was selected as the baseline for Orion, as well as other Constellation systems. Therefore, the same Dowfrost(TradeMark) HD/Water solution planned for Orion was chosen for this test. The fluid was subjected to a thermal fluid loop that had flightlike properties, as compared to Orion. The fluid loop had similar wetted materials, temperatures, flow rates, and aluminum wetted surface area to fluid volume ratio. The test was designed to last for 10 years, the life expectancy of the lunar habitat. However, the test lasted less than two months. System filters became clogged with precipitate, rendering the fluid system inoperable. Upon examination of the precipitate, it was determined that the precipitate composition contained aluminum, which could have only come from materials in the test stand, as aluminum is not part of the Dowfrost(TradeMark HD composition. Also, the fluid pH was determined to have increased from 10.1, at the first test sample, to 12.2, at the completion of the test. This high of a pH is corrosive to aluminum and was certainly a contributing factor to the development of precipitate. Chemical analyses and bench-top tests are currently ongoing to determine the underlying cause for this rapid degradation of the fluid. Hamilton Sundstrand, the contractor developing the Orion thermal fluid loop, is performing a parallel effort to not only understand the cause of fluid degradation in the test, but also to investigate solutions to avoid this problem in the Orion s thermal control system. JSC also consulted with the Hamilton Sundstrand team in the development of this test and the subsequent analysis.

Lee, Steve↗

Evaluation of Propylene Glycol-Based Fluids for Constellation Habitats and Vehicles

Two fluid life tests have been conducted to evaluate propylene glycol-based fluids for use in Constellation habitats and vehicles. The first test was conducted from November 2008 to January 2009 to help determine the compatibility of the propylene glycol-based fluid selected for Orion at the time. When the first test uncovered problems with the fluid selection, an investigation and selection of a new fluid were conducted. A second test was started in March 2010 to evaluate the new selection. For the first test, the fluid was subjected to a thermal fluid loop that had flight-like properties, as compared to Orion. The fluid loop had similar wetted materials, temperatures, flow rates, and aluminum wetted surface area to fluid volume ratio. The test was designed to last for 10 years, the life expectancy of the lunar habitat. However, the test lasted less than two months. System filters became clogged with precipitate, rendering the fluid system inoperable. Upon examination of the precipitate, it was determined that the precipitate composition contained aluminum, which could have only come from materials in the test stand, as aluminum is not part of the original fluid composition. Also, the fluid pH was determined to have increased from 10.1, at the first test sample, to 12.2, at the completion of the test. This high of a pH is corrosive to aluminum and was certainly a contributing factor to the development of precipitate. Due to the problems encountered during this test, the fluid was rejected as a coolant candidate for Orion. A new propylene glycol-based fluid was selected by the Orion project for use in the Orion vehicle. The Orion project has conducted a series of screening tests to help verify that there will be no problems with the new fluid selection. To compliment testing performed by the Orion project team, a new life test was developed to test the new fluid. The new test bed was similar to the original test bed, but with some improvements based on experience gained from the earlier test bed. The surface area of both aluminum and nickel in the test bed were designed to be similar to that of the Orion fluid loop, since the Orion fluid loop was expected to have high concentrations of both metals in the system. Also, additional sample materials were added to the test bed to match recent updates to materials selections for Orion. At the time of this paper publication, approximately five months of testing will have been completed. This paper gives a status of the testing completed to date.

Lee, Steve↗

Phyllosilicate Formation on Early Mars Via Open-System Acid Alteration of Basaltic Glass

Smectites are widespread on Mars, but neutral/alkaline conditions favorable for smectite formation have surprisingly not led to abundant carbonates. Smectite formation on Mars could also occur in acidic environments unfavorable for carbonate formation. Acidic smectite formation has been demonstrated in batch (closed hydrologic) systems, however, the mechanisms and octahedral composition of smectite forming in acidic flow-through (open hydrologic) systems are not fully understood. Stapafell basaltic glass was hydrothermally altered (190◦C) at two flow rates corresponding to low and high water to rock ratio (W/R) and initial pH (pH_0) values of 2, 3, 4 and 6, and a batch low W/R experiment was conducted at pH_0 2. Kaolinite, montmorillonite and chlorite formed at pH_0 2 at low W/R; no phyllosilicates formed at pH_0 2 at high W/R; and lizardite formed at pH_0 ≥3 at both W/R ratios. Lizardite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite in these experiments formed by precipitation from solution and chlorite likely formed through alteration of montmorillonite and/or basalt. Saponite formed at pH_0 2 in batch conditions by alteration of basaltic glass. Comparison of experimental data with martian phyllosilicate assemblages indicated that smectite formation on Mars likely occurred under water-limited conditions. Al-rich smectite could form in open-system low W/R subsurface environments under a narrow range of pH (pH <3) while saponite could form in closed low W/R systems under acidic to alkaline conditions. Combined open and closed hydrological regimes could be responsible for development of clay mineral stratigraphies observed on Mars. The acidic conditions required for formation of Al-rich smectite were unfavorable for carbonate precipitation, but carbonate precipitation could occur together with Fe/Mg-smectite in closed systems at pH >4. The lack of carbonates occurring together with Fe/Mg-smectite could be cause by low pCO2 in subsurface closed environments and/or by overall lack of carbonate precipitation despite significant oversaturation.

S J Ralston↗

Validation of Test Methods for Air Leak Rate Verification of Spaceflight Hardware

As deep space exploration continues to be the goal of NASAs human spaceflight program, verification of the performance of spaceflight hardware becomes increasingly critical. Suitable test methods for verifying the leak rate of sealing systems are identified in program qualification testing requirements. One acceptable method for verifying the air leak rate of gas pressure seals is the tracer gas leak detector method. In this method, a tracer gas (commonly helium) leaks past the test seal and is transported to the leak detector where the leak rate is quantified. To predict the air leak rate, a conversion factor of helium-to-air is applied depending on the magnitude of the helium flow rate. The conversion factor is based on either the molecular mass ratio or the ratio of the dynamic viscosities. The current work was aimed at validating this approach for permeation-level leak rates using a series of tests with a silicone elastomer O-ring. An established pressure decay method with constant differential pressure was used to evaluate both the air and helium leak rates of the O-ring under similar temperature and pressure conditions. The results from the pressure decay tests showed, for the elastomer O-ring, that neither the molecular flow nor the viscous flow helium-to-air conversion factors were applicable. Leak rate tests were also performed using nitrogen and argon as the test gas. Molecular mass and viscosity based helium-to-test gas conversion factors were applied, but did not correctly predict the measured leak rates of either gas. To further this study, the effect of pressure boundary conditions was investigated. Often, pressure decay leak rate tests are performed at a differential pressure of 101.3 kPa with atmospheric pressure on the downstream side of the test seal. In space applications, the differential pressure is similar, but with vacuum as the downstream pressure. The same O-ring was tested at four unique differential pressures ranging from 34.5 to 137.9 kPa. Up to six combinations of upstream and downstream pressures for each differential pressure were compared. For a given differential pressure, the various combinations of upstream and downstream dry air pressures did not significantly affect the leak rate. As expected, the leak rate of the O-ring increased with increasing differential pressure. The results suggested that the current leak test pressure conditions, used to verify spacecraft sealing systems with elastomer seals, produce accurate values even though the boundary conditions do not model the space application.

helium leak detector↗

Dilution Jet Mixing Program, phase 1

The effect of jet to mainstream density ratio, flow area convergence as encounted in transition sections, and nonuniform mainstream profile upstream of dilution orifices on the mixing of a row of jets with a confined cross flow was quantified. It is found that: (1) jet spreading rate in transverse direction is increased with increasing J, H/D and with decreasing S/D; (2) the density ratio has only a second order effect on the jet mixing characteristics for a constant momentum ratio; (3) the temperature distributions in the jet mixing region are strongly influenced by the undisturbed mainstream profile; (4) flow area convergence enhances mixing in radial and transverse directions. An asymmetric convergent duct with flat wall injection has the same jet mixing characteristics as a symmetric convergent duct. An asymmetric convergent duct with slant wall injection has a faster jet spreading rate in the transverse direction.

Srinivasan, R.↗