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At least 181 records · Page 10

The dynamic synthesis time-lag control for the 1.3 GHz LCLS-II Cryomodule test at Fermilab

The 1.3GHz LCLS-II Cryomodule (CM) has 8 cavities and each cavity has 9 RF cells and 80W heater. The 1.3GHz LCLS-II CM is 12.2-meter-long and contains a total 241.3 liters (equivalent liquid) of liquid helium, which is filling up by the 4KW@2.0K cryogenic plant at the Fermilab Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). The dynamic synthesis 2K cryogenic control system is built to control the long time-lag, unstable CM cryogenic system, under different modes operations. A report on the results obtained from the dynamic synthesis long time-lag control in the CMTF 1.3GHz CM test will be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Design and Analysis of the Staggered Double Grating Slow Wave Circuit for 263 GHz Sheet Beam TWT

The complete design process of a high-frequency circuit for a 263 GHz staggered double grating, sheet beam traveling wave tube is presented in this article. Here, this device, for use in a pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer instrument, requires >30 dB gain and a 20 GHz bandwidth centered at 263 GHz. In addition to the standard Pierce gain analysis and point by point particle in cell (PIC) simulation, a novel fast pulse response analysis technique was utilized to determine the accurate synchronization voltage and test the ``hot” feature of the high-frequency circuit. Since this new method can evaluate the entire bandwidth in a single simulation, it can significantly reduce the computational resources normally required for the conventional PIC analysis while also illustrating the potential instabilities near the band edge. Good agreement between the fast pulse response and PIC simulation results validate the accuracy of this novel method. According to the analysis results and given the manufacturing limits of nano/micro-computer numerical control (CNC) machining, an appropriate SWS, coupler, and sever designs were chosen to complement the simulated design. Finally, a prototype circuit was manufactured and cold tested to verify the design and inspect the machining tolerances.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS): 90 GHz Telescope Pointing, Beam Profile, Window Function, and Polarization Performance

The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over ∼75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. CLASS measures the large angular scale CMB polarization to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the optical depth to last scattering. This paper presents the optical characterization of the 90 GHz telescope. Observations of the Moon establish the pointing while dedicated observations of Jupiter are used for beam calibration. The standard deviations of the pointing error in azimuth, elevation, and boresight angle are 1$^{'}_.$3, 2$^{'}_.$1, and 2$^{'}_.$0, respectively, over the first 3 yr of observations. This corresponds to a pointing uncertainty ∼7% of the beam’s full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The effective azimuthally symmetrized instrument 1D beam estimated at 90 GHz has an FWHM of 0$^°_.$620 ± 0$^°_.$003 and a solid angle of 138.7 ± 0.6(stats.) ± 1.1(sys.) μsr integrated to a radius of 4°. The corresponding beam window function drops to $b^2_ℓ$ = 0.93, 0.71, 0.14 at ℓ = 30, 100, 300, respectively. Far-sidelobes are studied using detector-centered intensity maps of the Moon and measured to be at a level of 10 −3 or below relative to the peak. The polarization angle of Tau A estimated from preliminary survey maps is 149°.6 ± 0°.2(stats.) in equatorial coordinates. The instrumental temperature-to-polarization (T → P) leakage fraction, inferred from per-detector demodulated Jupiter scan data, has a monopole component at the level of 1.7 × 10 −3 , a dipole component with an amplitude of 4.3 × 10 −3 , with no evidence of quadrupolar leakage.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The 12 GHZ image and sum enhanced mixer diode converter

The development, fabrication, and testing of five image and sum frequency enhanced mixed diode converters are discussed. Design specifications include a RF band of 11.7 to 12.2 GHz, an IF band of 1.0 to 1.5 GHz, an IF return loss of 10 db, band center of 6.2 db, band edge of 6.7 db, LO frequency of 10.7 GHz, LO power of 20 dbm, and a conversion gain of 15.8 db. The converter is also capable of 30 db below desired signals for the third order intermodulation product level for twelve -75 dbm carriers.

Degenford, J. E.↗

Low-noise room-temperature and cryogenic mixers for 80-120 GHz

A description is given of two new mixers designed to operate in the 80-120-GHz range on 36-ft radio telescope. It is shown that for a hard-driven diode the parasitic resistance and capacitance are the primary factors influencing the design of the diode mount. A room-temperature mixer is described which achieves a single-sideband (SSB) conversion loss (L) of 5.5 dB, and a SSB noise temperature (Tm) of 500 K (excluding the IF contribution) with a 1.4-GHz IF. A cryogenically cooled version, using a quartz structure to support the diode chip and contact whisker, achieves values of L = 5.8 dB and Tm = 300 K with a 4.75-GHz IF. The mixers use high-quality Schottky-barrier diodes in a one-quarter-height waveguide mount.

Kerr, A. R.↗

ATS-6 attenuation diversity measurements at 20 and 30 GHz

The results of data obtained at The University of Texas at Austin in conjunction with the ATS-6 millimeter wave experiment are presented. Attenuation measurements at 30 GHz and sky noise data at 20 GHz were obtained simultaneously at each of two sites separated by 11 km. Space diversity reduces outage time for a system in Austin, Texas with a 10 dB fade margin at 30 GHz from 15 hours to 16 minutes per year. The maximum cloud height shows a good correlation to the maximum attenuations measured.

Vogel, W. J.↗

The Comsat 13 and 18 GHz propagation experiment

The ATS-6 Comsat Propagation Experiment, designed to gather statistical data on attenuation by rain and snow at 13 and 18 GHz, is discussed. Signals from unattended ground transmitters at 25 locations in the eastern U.S. operating at 18 GHz and 13 GHz were transmitted to ATS-6, where the transponder converted the carriers to frequencies around 4150 MHz. These signals were then transmitted to the Comsat large horn antenna/data acquisition and receiving facility at Bangor, Maine, where each carrier was calibrated and digitally recorded once per second. Attenuation statistics for 40 carriers have been plotted. The experiment was conducted from July 1974 to May 1975 with excellent performance of the transponder.

King, J. L.↗

Frequencies above 10 GHz

The paper discusses some of the problems associated with extending the frequencies used by satellite communication services above 10 GHz. The principal propagation limitation above 10 GHz occurs when precipitation intercepts the earth-space propagation path and causes attenuation and depolarization of the transmitted signal. World attenuation statistics at 12 GHz for earth-space paths are discussed, revealing the effect of climate on attenuation properties. Space diversity is discussed as an effective means of overcoming precipitation-caused attenuation problems.

Mcavoy, N.↗

A new mixer design for 140-220 GHz

A new Schottky-diode mixer is described which has low noise and conversion loss in the 140-220-GHz band. At 170 GHz mixer noise temperatures of 1100-1300 K have been measured, with 6.2-7.2-dB single sideboard conversion loss. The design should be usable up to about 300 GHz with appropriate scaling. The mixer has been successfully used in airborne radiometers on the NASA Convair 990 and C-141 aircraft.

Kerr, A. R.↗

Measurements of earth-space attenuation at 230 GHz

Measurements of attenuation at 230 GHz through the total atmosphere due to the presence of oxygen and water vapor molecules, clouds, and rain are presented. The measurements were carried out using a specially designed superheterodyne receiver mounted on a sun tracker. Simultaneous measurements were also carried out at 13 GHz. For a measuring site close to sea level at Holmdel, NJ, the 'clear-sky' zenith attenuation was found as a function of the measured ground water vapor density. When the ground temperature was below about 7 C, most cloud and overcast gave less than 0.5-dB attenuation, whereas with a ground temperature greater than 13 C, cloud attenuation was 8-10 times greater. Calculations of zenith attenuation in the 230-GHz atmospheric window were also made using the Gross analytic line shape, Schulze-Tolbert empirical line shape, and an empirically modified Gross line shape. These calculations were based on determinations of water vapor density and temperature made at the measurement site, and on radiosonde measurements made at a distance of 80 km away.

Wrixon, G. T.↗

20/30 GHz satellite systems technology needs assessment

The paper surveys the system and market work done at NASA-Lewis with regard to exploring the potential of the 20/30 GHz bands for domestic satellite communications. The 20/30 GHz bands appear attractive economically and, with certain technology advances, appear to offer a virtually unlimited spectrum resource. This attractiveness is especially relevant to high density trunking where there is sufficient traffic to justify dual-station site diversity. Ongoing system and market studies actively involve satellite system suppliers and carriers as well as the government in a cooperative, mutually beneficial effort. It is considered that this is the approach most likely to result in a spectrum-efficient acceptable-risk high-capacity 30/30 GHz satellite system which is relevant to anticipated markets.

Stevens, G.↗

Cumulative slant path rain attenuation statistics associated with the Comstar beacon at 28.56 GHz for Wallops Island, Va.

The paper presents and characterizes the cumulative fade statistics for the 1 April 1977 to 31 March 1978 period for the Wallops Island site on the basis of direct measurements of a beacon signal at 28.56 GHz emanating from the Comstar geosynchronous satellite. Also presented are the month and time of day statistics as well as the rain gage rain-rate distribution. The concept of effective path length using the 28.56-GHz fade and measured rain-rate distributions are employed to predict the 19.04-GHz fade distribution. Predicted distributions for the year period are obtained from disdrometer data and radar results.

Goldhirsh, J.↗

The 30/20 GHz communications system functional requirements

The characteristics of 30/20 GHz usage in satellite systems to be used in support of projected communication requirements of the 1990's are defined. A requirements analysis which develops projected market demand for satellite services by general and specialized carriers and an analysis of the impact of propagation and system constraints on 30/20 GHz operation are included. A set of technical performance characteristics for the 30/20 GHz systems which can serve the resulting market demand and the experimental program necessary to verify technical and operational aspects of the proposed systems is also discussed.

Siperko, C. M.↗

Microwave radiometric observations near 19.35, 92 and 183 GHz of precipitation in tropical storm Cora

Observations of rain cells in the remains of a decaying tropical storm were made by Airborne Microwave Radiometers at 19.35,92 and three frequencies near 183 GHz. Extremely low brightness temperatures, as low as 140 K were noted in the 92 and 183 GHz observations. These can be accounted for by the ice often associated with raindrop formation. Further, 183 GHz observations can be interpreted in terms of the height of the ice. The brightness temperatures observed suggest the presence of precipitation sized ice as high as 9 km or more.

Wilheit, T. T.↗

Advanced 30/20 GHz communication satellites

Increasing demands for satellite communications channels have filled the C-band, have begun to fill the Ku-band, and have resulted in a developmental effort to utilize 2.5 GHz of the 30/20 GHz Ka band. Problems of rain attenuation in the Ku and Ka bands are explored, and solutions are indicated in the use of antenna gain coupled with ground terminal site diversity, and higher satellite power capabilities. Tradeoffs in satellite design are focused on the number of reflectors, increased f/d, gain and sidelobe performance, and total satellite capacity. The NASA 20/30 GHz program is described, including design features of two test systems to be launched in the 1980's to examine the functioning limits of two baseline systems.

Sivo, J. N.↗

IMPATT power building blocks for 20 GHz spaceborne transmit amplifier

Single-stage circulator coupled IMPATT building block constituents of a 20-GHz solid state power amplifier (SSPA) currently under development for spaceborne downlink transmitter usage have been demonstrated as providing 1.5 to 2.0W RF power output at 4 to 5 dB operating gain over a 1 GHz bandwidth. Using either commercially available or recently developed in-house GaAs Schottky Read-profile IMPATT diodes, DC/RF power added efficiencies of 14 to 15% were achieved in these amplifier stages. A two stage IMPATT driver amplifier with similar RF output power capability exhibited 13 + or - 0.5 dB operating gain over a 1 GHz bandwidth.

Asmus, J.↗

Customer premise service study for 30/20 GHz satellite system

Satellite systems in which the space segment operates in the 30/20 GHz frequency band are defined and compared as to their potential for providing various types of communications services to customer premises and the economic and technical feasibility of doing so. Technical tasks performed include: market postulation, definition of the ground segment, definition of the space segment, definition of the integrated satellite system, service costs for satellite systems, sensitivity analysis, and critical technology. Based on an analysis of market data, a sufficiently large market for services is projected so as to make the system economically viable. A large market, and hence a high capacity satellite system, is found to be necessary to minimize service costs, i.e., economy of scale is found to hold. The wide bandwidth expected to be available in the 30/20 GHz band, along with frequency reuse which further increases the effective system bandwidth, makes possible the high capacity system. Extensive ground networking is required in most systems to both connect users into the system and to interconnect Earth stations to provide spatial diversity. Earth station spatial diversity is found to be a cost effective means of compensating the large fading encountered in the 30/20 GHz operating band.

Milton, R. T.↗