A Method for Photographing Microwave with a Polaroid Film Interim Technical Report
Polaroid film used in direct mapping of electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies
Iizuka, K.↗
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The transit of Mercury of 10 November 1973
The transit of Mercury of November 10, 1973 was observed from Silver Spring, Maryland (76 deg 58' W, 39 deg 01' N) for the period 6:48:00 EST, near sunrise, to 8:17:18 (contact 4). A total of 24 frames of 35mm Pan X film were taken through a Questar telescope equipped with a sun filter of 40mm aperture. The diameter of the solar image is 13mm on the film. Transit photographs from the observation are included.
Feibelman, W. A.↗
Radiometry with nighttime DMSP images in digital form
The USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft sends images to earth in the form of numbers. It has been common practice to erase the only digital records, the magnetic tapes, for reuse, after films (resembling photographs) have been created from the numbers. While the DMSP images have been widely used, their application in research has been hindered by both the lack of digital data and the lack of an authoritative source of related technical information. The character of the digital form is considered. Each image is essentially a three-dimensional list (X,Y,Z) in which X and Y represent the position coordinates of a pixel and Z is its associated radiance. Only the value of Z is given and the X-Y position must be deduced from adjunct information. Each original scan composed of 1464 pixels represents an area on the earth's surface about 3 km wide and 3000 km long. Strengths and weaknesses of the system with respect to research applications are considered, and concepts for the design of a nocturnal imager are discussed.
Croft, T. A.↗
Documentarian’s Support Role: Recording Active Research for Outreach
The Space Crop Production Team at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center recently conducted a campaign of parabolic flights to study the best techniques for harvesting and collecting microgreens in microgravity. During this process, the research team invited a student with scientific training to the field sites, contributing as the documentarian and aiding in recording audio visual data. The documentarian was tasked with photographing and filming the preparation of experiments for parabolic flight, hardware installation in the parabolic flight plane, the crew performing their experiments, and the harvesting hardware and samples post-flight. Through having a documentarian on the team during experiments, the processes of problem-solving, teamwork, and data collection were able to be captured. This allows for these methods to be reflected upon post-experiment as a means of improving the procedures for the future. Additionally, the picture and video evidence became data that were analyzed following the flight test. The Space Crop Production team benefited by having a documentarian present, as they were able to develop a 45 second social media video with the intent of being published through official NASA outlets. Longer videos for classroom use are also in work. In addition to outreach usage, the collection of footage and visual data the documentarian provides has the potential to be scientifically published both in video-based scientific journals, and as supplemental data in online journal publications. Capturing research in this manner helps share an unseen side of the research practices with a larger audience and increases the potential for scientific engagement and activation.
Christopher Bermudez↗
Sensitometric data for earth resources film
Sensitometry is applied to all photographic earth resources mission film processing. The exposure is made using an intensity modulated sensitometer with a 2850 K source filtered to produce a 5500 K spectral distribution. In addition, any filters used on the sensor are included in the sensitometer filter pack in order to accurately simulate the exposure conditions. The modulator consists of a continuous carbon wedge and a 20-step carbon step tablet.
Perry, L.↗
Interpretation of ERTS-1 imagery aided by photographic enhancement
Agfacontour film can be used to produce relatively economical enhancements of density differences recorded on film. Image interpreters often ask whether enhancement really increases the information content of the original images. Examples of ERTS-1 imagery enhancements show that it is possible to separate density levels which are not discernible by the human eye. It is stressed that these techniques do not replace the photo interpreter, but rather they aid him in the interpretation process. Subtle density variations are made to stand out and on objective classification of the densities forming the image is produced.
Nielsen, U.↗
Potential of thin, sputtered films as erosion resistant protective coatings, part 1
The characteristics of thin, pyrolytically deposited films for protection of surfaces from oxidation and abrasion are discussed. The limitations of depositing erosion resistant films are described. Environmental tests of first stage compressor blades in a T-58 engine after coating with a thin film were conducted. Photographic examples of the effectiveness of the thin films in protecting the turbine blades are provided. Methods for operating a sputtering system and the equipment used for film deposition are defined.
Gentner, K.↗
Reconstructing color images of astronomical objects using black and white spectroscopic emulsions
A color photograph of the peculiar elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) has been reconstructed from three Kodak 103a emulsion type photographs by projecting positives of the three B&W plates through appropriate filters onto a conventional color film. The resulting photograph shows color balance and latitude characteristics superior to color photographs of similar astronomical objects made with commercially available conventional color film. Similar results have been obtained for color reconstructed photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These and other results suggest that these projection-reconstruction techniques can be used to obtain high-quality color photographs of astronomical objects which overcome many of the problems associated with the use of conventional color film for the long exposures required in astronomy.
Dufour, R. I.↗
Interface control document between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Department of Interior EROS Data Center (EDC) for LANDSAT-D. Thematic mapper high resolution 241 mm film
The 241 mm photographic product produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center Data Management System for LANDSAT-D is described. Film type and format, image dimensions, frame ID, gray scale, resolution patterns, registration marks, etc. are addressed.
Source record↗
Plasma properties of hot coronal loops utilizing coordinated SMM and solar research rocket observations
Three improvements in photographic x-ray imaging techniques for solar astronomy are presented. The testing and calibration of a new film processor was conducted; the resulting product will allow photometric development of sounding rocket flight film immediately upon recovery at the missile range. Two fine grained photographic films were calibrated and flight tested to provide alternative detector choices when the need for high resolution is greater than the need for high sensitivity. An analysis technique used to obtain the characteristic curve directly from photographs of UV solar spectra were applied to the analysis of soft x-ray photographic images. The resulting procedure provides a more complete and straightforward determination of the parameters describing the x-ray characteristic curve than previous techniques. These improvements fall into the category of refinements instead of revolutions, indicating the fundamental suitability of the photographic process for x-ray imaging in solar astronomy.
Moses, J. Daniel↗
Lunar Orbiter - a Photographic Satellite
Framing camera, film developing, and television transmission apparatus for lunar photography in Surveyor-Lunar program
TELEVISION TRANSMISSION↗
Separation bubble behavior for a NACA 23009 airfoil
Results are reported of experiments with smoke-wire flow visualization applied to characterizing the conditions conducive to formation of a separation bubble on an airfoil in low Re flow. An airfoil was used which spanned the test channel of the wind tunnel designed for low turbulence and noise. A wire coated with mineral oil was stretched across the channel upstream of the airfoil and heated. The smoke it gave off was flash-illuminated and photographed with ASA 3000 film. Extending the airfoil over the entire section yielded photographs that gave an essentially two-dimensional perspective. Angles of attack from 0-10 deg were investigated at Re of 33,000, 66,000, 100,000 and 133,000. Sample photographs illustrate the usefulness of the technique and apparatus in the flow regimes examined, particularly when used in conjunction with pressure tap data from the airfoil surface.
Fisher, S. S.↗
Mylar film eliminates silk screening of equipment panels
Equipment panel designs and nomenclature are photographed on clear Mylar film to permit fast and inexpensive panel redesigns and revisions and to eliminate the silk screen process. The film is coated with an adhesive and impressed on the panel. For revisions, the film is easily peeled off and replaced.
Conger, D. R.↗
Earth observations during Space Shuttle mission STS-30
The earth observations that were conducted during the STS-30 mission in May, 1989 are examined. An overview of the STS-30 mission is given, noting the launch of the Magellan spacecraft. The major positions of STS-30 photographs are illustrated and the sun elevation angles of the photographs and the types of films used during the mission are listed. Photographs of various regions are described, focusing on North Africa and the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Central America, the Caribbean, and the Southern U.S. The use of the photographs for various research purposes is discussed, including oceanography, meteorology, and polarization experiments. Also, consideration is given to the use of video/camcorders for earth observations.
Helfert, Michael R.↗
Apollo contamination analysis
The Apollo 12 photographic observations of clouds produced by venting liquids into space were reduced and analyzed. The number of Baker-Nunn photographs required that film measurement and data processing be automated, and the microdensitometer was adapted to automatic digital operation. Computer programs were prepared to process the image-density measurements. A substantial selection of Apollo 12 data was processed; both hydrogen and oxygen clouds are represented. Some limited data were obtained from Apollo 13 and 14 missions. During the Apollo 12 data analysis, the theory and models of cloud phenomena were refined because the models were initially applied to inferior oxygen data from earlier missions. The reported observations of water dumps from Apollo 12 are also discussed, along with the use of the oxygen and hydrogen data from Apollo 12 photographs with the cloud models.
Source record↗
Photography and photographic-photometry of the solar aureole
This paper describes procedures for taking solar aureole photographs with conventional small format (35- or 70-mm) cameras and films and discusses photographic-photometry techniques for obtaining accurate solar aureole radiance measurements from these photographs, the measurements being used for retrieving atmospheric aerosol characteristics. The photographic data reduction techniques discussed here include sensitometry, densitometry, off-axis illumination distribution measurement, photogrammetry and photometry relations, etc. Comparison tests show that photographic measurements of the solar aureole radiance agree well with simultaneous photoelectric measurements.
Deepak, A.↗
Photographic summary
Photographic equipment and film used during Apollo 14 flight in command and lunar modules and during extravehicular activity
Dietrich, J. W.↗
Aerial Infrared Photos for Citrus Growers
Handbook advises on benefits and methods of aerial photography with color infrared film. Interpretation of photographs is discussed in detail. Necessary equipment for interpretation is described--light table, magnifying lenses, and microfiche viewers, for example. Advice is given on rating tree condition; identifying effects of diseases, insects, and nematodes; and evaluating effects of soil, water, and weather.
Blazquez, C. H.↗