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Results for “Rechargeable lithium batteries”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2006

Li-ion rechargeable batteries on Mars Exploration Rovers

Lithium-ion batteries have contributed significantly to the success of NASA's Mars Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity that have been exploring the surface of Mars for the last two years and performing astounding geological studies to answer the ever-puzzling questions of life beyond Earth and the origin of our planets. Combined with the triple-junction solar cells, the lithium-ion batteries have been powering the robotic rovers, and assist in keeping the rover electronics warm, and in supporting nighttime experimentation and communications. The use of Li-ion batteries has resulted in significant benefits in several categories, such as mass, volume, energy efficiency, self discharge, and above all low temperature performance. Designed initially for the primary mission needs of 300 cycles over 90 days of surface operation, the batteries have been performing admirably, over the last two years. After about 670 days of exploration and at least as many cycles, there is little change in the end-of discharge (EOD) voltages or capacities of these batteries, as estimated from the in-flight data and corroborated by ground testing. Aided by such impressive durability from the Li-ion batteries, both from cycling and calendar life stand point, these rovers are poised to extend their exploration well beyond two years. In this paper, we will describe the performance characteristics of these batteries during launch, cruise phase and on the surface of Mars thus far.

litium ion batteries↗
DOE OSTI2021

Viscosity Analysis of Battery Electrode Slurry

We report the effects of component ratios and mixing time on electrode slurry viscosity. Three component quantities were varied: active material (graphite), conductive material (carbon black), and polymer binder (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC). The slurries demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, and suspension properties stabilized after a relatively short mixing duration. However, micrographs of the slurries suggested their internal structures did not stabilize after the same mixing time. Increasing the content of polymer binder CMC caused the greatest viscosity increase compared to that of carbon black and graphite.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Atomic layer deposition of sodium fluoride thin films

The need for advanced energy conversion and storage devices remains a critical challenge amid the growing worldwide demand for renewable energy. Metal fluoride thin films are of great interest for applications in lithium-ion and emerging rechargeable battery technologies, particularly for enhancing the stability of the electrode-electrolyte interface and thereby extending battery cyclability and lifetime. Reported within, sodium fluoride (NaF) thin films were synthesized via atomic layer deposition. NaF growth experiments were carried out at reactor temperatures between 175 and 250 °C using sodium tert-butoxide and HF-pyridine solution. Here, the optimal deposition temperature range was 175–200 °C, and the resulting NaF films exhibited low roughness (R q ≈ 1.6 nm for films of ~8.5 nm), nearly stoichiometric composition (Na:F = 1:1.05) and a growth per cycle value of 0.85 Å/cycle on SiO 2 substrates. These results are encouraging for future applications of NaF thin films in the development of improved energy capture and storage technologies.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1995

Nanosatellite Power System Considerations

The capability to build complex electronic functions into compact packages is opening the path to miniature satellites on the order of 1 kg mass, 10 cm across, packed with the computing processors, motion controllers, measurement sensors, and communications hardware necessary for operation. Power generation will be from short strings of silicon or gallium arsenide-based solar photovoltaic cells with the array power maximized by a peak power tracker (PPT). Energy storage will utilize a low voltage battery with nickel cadmium or lithium ion cells as the most likely selections for rechargeables and lithium (MnO2-Li) primary batteries for one shot short missions.

Robyn, M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Power Sources Symposium, 31st, Atlantic City, NJ, June 11-14, 1984, Proceedings

The present conference on electrochemical power sources encompasses systems of such types as the thermoelectric, advanced rechargeable, lithium reserve, rechargeable, and nonrechargeable, nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen rechargeable, lead-acid, nickel-zinc and nickel-iron rechargeable, nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen rechargeable, and fuel cells. Attention is given to Si-Ge alloy multicouple technology, sodium-sulfur battery development status, the safety aspects of a rechargeable lithium C cell, fiber-structure electrodes for nickel-cadmium batteries, energy density improvements in Li/carbon monofluoride cells, zinc-air button cell technology, catalyzed cathodes for Li/SOCl2 cells, the effect of polymer structure on the rate capability of the lithium-iodine cell, and a methanol fuel cell powerplant.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2021

The passivity of lithium electrodes in liquid electrolytes for secondary batteries

Rechargeable Li metal batteries are currently limited by electrolyte decomposition and rapid Li consumption. Li plating and stripping greatly depend on the solid electrolyte interphase formed at the Li metal-liquid electrolyte interface. This Review discusses the reactions occurring at this interface from a corrosion science perspective, highlighting the requirements for an ideal passivation layer. Rechargeable Li metal batteries are currently limited by safety concerns, continuous electrolyte decomposition and rapid consumption of Li. These issues are mainly related to reactions occurring at the Li metal-liquid electrolyte interface. Additionally, the formation of a passivation film (that is, a solid electrolyte interphase) determines ionic diffusion and the structural and morphological evolution of the Li metal electrode upon cycling. In this Review, we discuss spontaneous and operation-induced reactions at the Li metal-electrolyte interface from a corrosion science perspective. We highlight that the instantaneous formation of a thin protective film of corrosion products at the Li surface, which acts as a barrier to further chemical reactions with the electrolyte, precedes film reformation, which occurs during subsequent electrochemical stripping and plating of Li during battery operation. Finally, we discuss solutions to overcoming remaining challenges of Li metal batteries related to Li surface science, electrolyte chemistry, cell engineering and the intrinsic instability of the Li metal-electrolyte interface.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural and chemical evolution in layered oxide cathodes of lithium-ion batteries revealed by synchrotron techniques

Abstract Rechargeable battery technologies have revolutionized electronics, transportation and grid energy storage. Many materials are being researched for battery applications, with layered transition metal oxides (LTMO) the dominating cathode candidate with remarkable electrochemical performance. Yet, daunting challenges persist in the quest for further battery developments targeting lower cost, longer lifespan, improved energy density and enhanced safety. This is, in part, because of the intrinsic complexity of real-world batteries, featuring sophisticated interplay among microstructural, compositional and chemical heterogeneities, which has motivated tremendous research efforts using state-of-the-art analytical techniques. In this research field, synchrotron techniques have been identified as a suite of effective methods for advanced battery characterization in a non-destructive manner with sensitivities to the lattice, electronic and morphological structures. This article provides a holistic overview of cutting-edge developments in synchrotron-based research on LTMO battery cathode materials. We discuss the complexity and evolution of LTMO’s material properties upon battery operation and review recent synchrotron-based research works that address the frontier challenges and provide novel insights in this field. Finally, we formulate a perspective on future directions of synchrotron-based battery research, involving next-generation X-ray facilities and advanced computational developments.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Probing the Surface Chemistry of Lithium Nitridation

Chemical synthesis of Li 3 N through lithium nitridation has potential to advance rechargeable battery and nitrogen fixation technology. However, studies of the conditions for forming Li 3 N on the lithium surface via nitrogen gas exposure report contradictory findings, such as the spontaneous reaction of Li with pure N 2 , the impossibility of forming Li 3 N through pure Li and N 2 interaction, the requirement of trace H 2 O to catalyze the reaction, and evidence to the contrary. In this study, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) was applied to evaluate the in situ chemical evolution of the lithium metal surface under nitrogen gas up to 800 mTorr. At pressures ≤10 mTorr, no Li 3 N was detected. At higher pressures, surface Li 3 N rapidly reacts with trace CO 2 . Additionally, because metallic lithium is readily oxidized by trace gases, the atomic nitrogen concentration of the lithium surface remains below 2%. When nitridation follows oxidation by O 2 gas, CO 2 gas, or H 2 O vapor, surface Li 3 N formation is inhibited. These results suggest that nitrogen gas can diffuse through the oxidized lithium metal surface to react with subsurface metallic lithium.

Binding energy↗
DOE OSTI2026

Efficient Low-Temperature Direct Lithium Extraction from Chloride Brines Enabled by High-Capacity Sorbent

The demand for lithium, a key component in rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems, has surged in recent years. Meeting this demand requires efficient extraction methods that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable. This study investigates the utilization of the high-capacity sorbent amorphous aluminum hydroxide for enabling efficient direct lithium extraction at low temperatures. Traditional extraction methods often involve acid-leaching and energy-intensive processes that are not only expensive but also environmentally taxing. In contrast, our approach leverages the exceptional sorption properties of amorphous aluminum hydroxide to facilitate lithium extraction directly from brine, achieving extraction efficiencies of 94.4% in case 1 and 96.2% in case 2 at low temperatures. Kinetic modeling using the Avrami–Erofe’ev framework reveals a nucleation-growth mechanism ( n = 0.71, k = 0.131 h –1 ), providing quantitative insights into the solid-state phase transformation process. This method significantly reduces energy consumption and minimizes the environmental footprint. Through systematic experimentation and optimization, we demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our approach, highlighting its potential to revolutionize lithium extraction processes. Our findings highlight the potential of high-capacity sorbents, particularly amorphous aluminum hydroxide toward sustainable lithium production, contributing to the advancement of clean-energy technologies.

anions↗
DOE OSTI2022

Editors’ Choice—Methods—Pressure Control Apparatus for Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal anodes are essential for developing next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, Li dendrite/whisker formation caused short-circuiting issue and short cycle life have prevented lithium metal from being viably used in rechargeable batteries. Numerous works have been done to study how to regulate the Li growth in electrochemical cycling by using external stacking forces. While it is widely agreed that stack pressure positively affects the lithium plating/stripping process, the optimized pressure range provided by different works varies greatly because of the difference in the pressure control setup. In this work, a pressure control apparatus is designed for Li metal batteries with liquid and solid-state electrolytes (SSE). With considerations of minimizing cell to cell variation, a reusable split cell and pressure load cell are made for testing electrochemical cells with high precision pressure control. The capability of the designed setup is demonstrated by studying the pressure effect on the Li plating/stripping process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Layered oxide cathode-inspired secondary hard carbon microsphere anode material for high-power and long-life rechargeable batteries

A new anode material that will provide lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries with high energy and power density is urgently needed. In this work, a layered oxide cathode-inspired secondary hard carbon microsphere (CMS) anode material was designed, and exhibited excellent rate performance and long cyclability. Polyacrylonitrile/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PAN/SAN) compositions displaying the meatball-like shape of the PAN precursor were carbonized into CMSs having turbostratic microstructures. The CMS carbonized at 1,000°C (CMS1000) displayed high specific capacity at the highest current density of 1,000mAg -1 , i.e., 77.6 % of its average charge capacity at 100 mA g -1 , and considerable cycling retention after 500 cycles, i.e., 83.8 % of the specific capacity at cycle 25. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the design of new anode materials is a fruitful route to improve commercial Li-ion batteries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ultrafast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries for urban air mobility

Urban air mobility (UAM) demands batteries with high energy density, long cycle life, and fast rechargeability. In this paper, we demonstrate an energy-dense lithium-ion battery (LiB) with ultralong cycle life under ultrafast charging. By using the asymmetric temperature modulation (ATM) method, i.e., charging at an elevated temperature and discharging around the ambient temperature, it is experimentally shown that the 209 Wh/kg LiB is charged to 88% state of charge (SOC) in ~5 min under UAM cycling while retaining 97.7% capacity after 1,000 cycles. Moreover, an experimentally validated electrochemical-thermal (ECT) model is developed to elucidate the fast charging process and the degradation mode of UAM batteries, quantitatively capturing lithium plating during fast charging. We find that the LiBs for UAM applications are most prone to lithium plating due to their higher initial SOC required as the reserve for safety; nevertheless, the ATM method is effective in minimizing or preventing lithium plating in the high SOC range of 30-90%. In addition to slowing down capacity fade, the ATM method also raises the usable capacity by 10%, which boosts the battery energy density and ensures the battery to perform full UAM cycles even at the end of life.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Review of Nanocarbon-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Renewable and non-renewable energy harvesting and its storage are important components of our everyday economic processes. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), with their rechargeable features, high open-circuit voltage, and potential large energy capacities, are one of the ideal alternatives for addressing that endeavor. Despite their widespread use, improving LIBs’ performance, such as increasing energy density demand, stability, and safety, remains a significant problem. The anode is an important component in LIBs and determines battery performance. To achieve high-performance batteries, anode subsystems must have a high capacity for ion intercalation/adsorption, high efficiency during charging and discharging operations, minimal reactivity to the electrolyte, excellent cyclability, and non-toxic operation. Group IV elements (Si, Ge, and Sn), transition-metal oxides, nitrides, sulfides, and transition-metal carbonates have all been tested as LIB anode materials. However, these materials have low rate capability due to weak conductivity, dismal cyclability, and fast capacity fading owing to large volume expansion and severe electrode collapse during the cycle operations. Contrarily, carbon nanostructures (1D, 2D, and 3D) have the potential to be employed as anode materials for LIBs due to their large buffer space and Li-ion conductivity. However, their capacity is limited. Blending these two material types to create a conductive and flexible carbon supporting nanocomposite framework as an anode material for LIBs is regarded as one of the most beneficial techniques for improving stability, conductivity, and capacity. This review begins with a quick overview of LIB operations and performance measurement indexes. It then examines the recently reported synthesis methods of carbon-based nanostructured materials and the effects of their properties on high-performance anode materials for LIBs. These include composites made of 1D, 2D, and 3D nanocarbon structures and much higher Li storage-capacity nanostructured compounds (metals, transitional metal oxides, transition-metal sulfides, and other inorganic materials). The strategies employed to improve anode performance by leveraging the intrinsic features of individual constituents and their structural designs are examined. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook for future advancements in this research field.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2007

Evaluation and Testing of Commercially-Available Carbon Nanotubes as Negative Electrodes for Lithium Ion Cells

Rechargeable lithium ion (Li-ion) battery technology offers significant performance advantages over the nickel-based technologies used for energy storage for the majority of NASA's missions. Specifically Li-ion technology offers a threefold to fourfold increase in gravimetric and volumetric energy densities and produces voltages in excess of three times the value of typical nickel-based battery systems. As part of the Advanced Battery Technology program at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), a program on the evaluation of anodes for Li-ion cells and batteries was conducted. This study focused on the feasibility of using carbon nanotubes as anodes in Li-Ion cells. Candidate materials from multiple sources were evaluated. Their performance was compared to a standard anode comprised of mesocarbon microbeads. In all cases, the standard MCMB electrode exhibited superior performance. The details and results of the study are presented.

Britton, Doris L.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Insight into the Fast-Rechargeability of a Novel Mo 1.5 W 1.5 Nb 14 O 44 Anode Material for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wadsley–Roth phased niobates are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, while their inherently low electrical conductivity still limits their rate-capability. Herein, a novel doped Mo 1.5 W 1.5 Nb 14 O 44 (MWNO) material is facilely prepared via an ionothermal-synthesis-assisted doping strategy. The detailed crystal structure of MWNO is characterized by neutron powder diffraction and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope, unveiling the full occupation of Mo 6+ -dopant at the t1 tetrahedral site. In half-cells, MWNO exhibits enhanced fast-rechargeability. In this work, the origin of the improved performance is investigated by ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT) computation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, revealing that bandgap narrowing improves the electrical conductivity of MWNO. Furthermore, operando X-ray diffraction elucidates that MWNO exhibits a typical solid-solution phase conversion-based lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism with reversible structural evolution during the electrochemical reaction. The boosted lithium-ion diffusivity of MWNO, due to the Mo 6+ /W 6+ doping effect, is confirmed by a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and DFT. With the simultaneously enhanced electrical conductivity and lithium-ion diffusivity, MWNO successfully demonstrates its fast-rechargeability and practicality in the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 -coupled full-cells. Therefore, this work illustrates the potential of ionothermal synthesis in energy storage materials and provides a mechanistic understanding of the doping effect on improving material's electrochemical performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1989

Electrochemical studies on niobium triselenide cathode material for lithium rechargeable cells

The electrochemical behavior of NbSe3 in the battery electrolyte 1.5M LiAsF6/2Me-THF is reported. A detailed study has been carried out using various ac and dc electrochemical techniques to establish the mechanism of intercalation of three equivalents of Li with NbSe3 as well as the rate governing processes in the reduction of NbSe3. An equivalent circuit has been formulated to represent the NbSe3-solution interface. The kinetic parameters for the reduction of NbSe3 were evaluated from the ac and dc measurements. The structural change in NbSe3 on lithiation during initial discharge which results in higher cell voltages and different electrochemical response as compared to virgin NbSe3 was identified to be a loss of crystallographic order.

Ratnakumar, B. V.↗