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At least 181 records · Page 10

Integrated Solutions for Interim Used Fuel Management: From Pool Unloading to Safe Delivery to Recycling or Repository Facilities - 17235

Safe management of used nuclear fuel (UNF) is key to the survival of the nuclear industry. That is why it is more important than ever to have a consent-based, practical, credible, and sustainable roadmap for managing the back-end of the nuclear cycle. Worldwide UNF Light Water Reactors (LWR) inventories are currently around 200,000 tons and are estimated to grow to more than 350,000 tons by 2030, and operating nuclear reactors in the U.S. continue to discharge UNF every 18 to 24 months. International experience has demonstrated that the development of a permanent geological repository can be a multi-decade process, especially in the face of public acceptance challenges. Meanwhile, the solution for permanent disposal of UNF in the U.S. is moving at a glacial pace. As a result, industrial stakeholders have been forced to find practical interim UNF storage solutions in order to continue safely operating their reactors. Among those interim solutions are the cask- or canister-based dry storage systems that have dramatically increased in the last 10 years as they provide flexibility for expansion with a low up-front investment. With interim dry storage in place for more than 30 years, our industry is entering a new phase as we are forced to prepare for a few more decades before geological repositories begin operating. Consequently, interim dry storage has to be extended for 80 years or more. Thus, new considerations have to be taken into account to ensure the safety of this stored used fuel: - Interim storage systems are aging; - High burn-up fuel behavior overtime is uncertain; - Used fuel is losing its self-protection; - The number of shutdown sites without a fuel transfer facility, such as a pool, is increasing; - Some owners of Independent Spent Fuel Storage installation (ISFSI) at shutdown sites are not nuclear operators anymore. With increasing uncertainties, AREVA TN -- based on its long expertise with used fuel transportation and interim storage systems -- is adapting its portfolio to develop integrated and flexible solutions that will remove the burden of interim used fuel management from nuclear operators. AREVA TN is developing comprehensive solutions to reduce risks including the continued supply of proven safe high-performance dry storage systems; on-site services to safely transfer used fuel from pool to pad; the optimization of fuel heat load in the storage pool and pad; innovative aging management services including inspection, monitoring and repair; a realistic solution for consolidated interim storage with a priority to remove Used Nuclear Fuel stored in dry storage systems from shutdown sites; world-class transport and logistics services to safely move the used fuel from nuclear reactor sites to consolidated storage and repository or recycling as applicable, and turnkey management of shutdown ISFSIs. Due to the lack of an available path for transporting used fuel away from reactors, nuclear operators are faced with many challenges and growing uncertainties. Our presentation will describe the practical solutions developed and being developed in order to manage used fuel on behalf of nuclear operators and allows them to continue focusing on the important job of producing carbon-free clean energy. (authors)

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Portland cement paste behaviour under gamma radiation field in geological repository - 15272

The Radioactive Waste Management Laboratory at the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute in Sao Paulo, Brazil (IPEN-CNEN-SP), is developing the concept of a repository for disposition of disused sealed radioactive sources in a deep borehole in which cement paste is intended to be used as a backfill between the steel casing and the geological formation around the borehole. The cement paste is intended to function as structural material, a blockage against the transport of water between the different strata of the geological setting, and as an additional barrier against the migration of radionuclides. The assessment of the cement paste behaviour in long term is necessary to increase the confidence that the material will perform as required during the service life of the facility. Under radiation, pore water present in cement paste suffers radiolysis and some products can be highly reactive, as electrons and hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. These radiolysis products will interact with cement paste and its hydration products, forming a wide range of compounds. Previous work focused on assessing the synergic effects of radiation and environmental conditions, like higher temperature and aggressive groundwater chemicals, on cement paste. Examination of samples detected small differences in mineralogy and microstructure. However, the radiation dose to which samples were exposed (400 kGy) was only a fraction of the expected accumulated dose in cement paste until complete decay of some sealed sources in the repository. Therefore, several thousand kilo-grays must be tested the possibility of radiation to alter cement mineralogy and, as a consequence, its durability The objective of this research is to evaluate the changes in mineralogy and microstructure of irradiated cement paste specimens, in an attempt to establish a relationship between irradiation and durability. Cubic Portland cement specimens were casted and exposed to the gamma radiation of a 60 Co multipurpose irradiator, at IPEN-CNEN/SP. The effects of doses between 1000 kGy and 4000 kGy are evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray micro tomography, neutrongraphy and neutron scattering. This report presents the changes in cement paste mineralogy when samples are examined by XRD. Results indicate that durability can be affected because of the observed changes. Results are expected to indicate the induced changes in cement paste under high radiation doses and to provide hints on its behaviour in the long-term and service-life. The results can be used in safety analysis for deep geological repositories that use cement based materials as engineered barriers. (authors)

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Seismic design of a nuclear waste repository against an earthquake induced rock shear load - 15346

Concepts for isolation of spent nuclear fuel have been studied by organizations in countries that employ nuclear power. These concepts typically involve a deep geological repository in bedrock, with processed radioactive waste encased in deposition canisters emplaced in underground excavations and surrounded by clay-based buffer. This multi-barrier approach is intended to provide long-term isolation of the waste package from the biosphere. According to many statistics, there is a tendency toward increasing numbers of earthquakes in the Korean peninsula each year. If an earthquake induced rock shear load occurs at a repository site, the engineered barrier system (EBS) can be sheared, resulting in a pressure increased in the buffer material. This is expected to result in damage to the canisters. Therefore, because the damage, which can be fatal to a disposal canister, can be given in case an earthquake occurs, the method protecting the canisters safely is needed. In this paper, 'an earthquake-resistance type buffer' was proposed using a method for protection from earthquake damage. To aid in achieving this objective, we have developed a technique for estimating the behavior of the EBS affected by earthquake induced rock shear using an analysis method, such as finite element method. As a first step, experimental tests are performed for understanding the behavior of the buffer material. Comparing the results of the numerical simulations to the experimental results can be used to verity the reliability of the analysis model. Then we developed the real scale analysis model of a nuclear waste repository. The main parameter having an effect on the earthquake-resistant performance was analyzed and an earthquake-resistance proof type buffer was designed. To improve the earthquake-resistance performance, we designed the buffer by putting the low- density buffer between the canister and buffer. The simulation results show that the earthquake-resistant performance was improved by about 65%. (authors)

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Update on site selection for Canada's national repository for used nuclear fuel - 15481

In 2007, the Government of Canada selected Adaptive Phased Management as Canada's plan that provides for long-term management of Canada's used nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository, located in an informed and willing host. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization is tasked through federal legislation to select the site and develop and manage all aspects of Canada's plan. In May 2010 the Nuclear Waste Management Organization published and initiated the site selection process that serves as a road map for decision-making on the location for the deep geological repository. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization continues to lead the site selection process for a deep geological repository for the long term management of Canada's used nuclear fuel and centre of expertise. The screening down process is advancing and, from an initial starting point of 22 communities expressing interest in learning about the project, as of November 2014 14 communities are now the focus of more detailed studies. Preliminary assessments are underway with these communities, which is the third step in the 9 step site selection process. Preliminary assessments involve preliminary technical and social desktop and field assessments, engagement activities within and beyond the interested community and seeking involvement of Indigenous peoples and nearby municipalities in the planning and conduct of the work. The paper provides an update on the advancement of the site selection process. It describes the nature of the technical and social studies being conducted at this phase of work, including the progressively more detailed field studies which are the focus of technical work at this stage, approach to engagement and collaboration with communities to direct these studies, and the work underway to ensure the framework used for this assessment and engagement includes the range of priorities and perspectives of First Nations and Metis peoples and communities in the broader area. (authors)

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OECD NEA radioactive waste repository metadata management (RepMet) initiative (2014-2018) - 15614

The OECD/NEA Radioactive Waste Repository Metadata Management (RepMet) initiative aims to bring about a better understanding of the identification and administration of metadata - a key aspect of data management - to support national programmes in managing their radioactive waste repository data, information and records in a way that is both harmonised internationally and suitable for long-term management and use. At this point in the project, the main focus lies on 'waste packages at their storage sites ready for geological disposal' but excluding spent fuel and high level waste (HLW). Later work will deal with metadata collected on spent fuel and HLW as well as with different phases of repository development: design and construction, and operation. In order to develop metadata, RepMet members have provided lists of data items they currently collect and manage for packaged waste. The lists, albeit it non comprehensive, suggest that the number and type of data items varies importantly from organisation to organisation. At term, RepMet plans to generate a comprehensive list of such data items and their metadata. In parallel, RepMet is developing a document which examines a selected number of existing metadata standards. Because of the specialist nature of radioactive waste management, including waste processing facilities, disposal facilities and waste packages, existing metadata standards do not seem to be transferable as defined. Rather, RepMet will explore such standards to identify relevant principles for possible adaptation to the radioactive waste management community. (authors)

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Repository planning for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste: insights from U.S.. and international programs - 15638

For decades, the United States and other nations with nuclear programs have been planning for permanent disposition of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste, to address the increasingly difficult problem of storing these materials for the long term. These plans are complicated by issues ranging from technological factors to regulatory approaches and public concerns about health and environmental protection. In its 2012 report, the Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC) on America's Nuclear Future identified a number of recommendations for creating a safe, long-term solution to the nation's problem of managing and disposing of its spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste. These include a recommendation that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revise its standards for a high-level waste repository. The EPA is currently reviewing and synthesizing literature relevant to such standards, including: (1) existing national and international standards and guidelines for repositories; and (2) benefits and barriers to such standards, including limitations related to current technologies, as well as siting, licensing, and construction processes. This paper highlights findings of this literature review and synthesis. More than 90 countries, from Albania to Vietnam and Yemen, were identified as potential sources of relevant information based on existing nuclear programs or consideration of such programs to address future energy needs. Pursuant to the BRC recommendations, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has compiled extensive information resources relevant to spent fuel and radioactive waste repositories in the Centralized Used Fuel Resource and Information Exchange (CURIE) database developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Further valuable sources of information include annual proceedings of recent Waste Management Symposia, which provide insights into recent trends and progress across various national and international programs. Recent literature from a number of countries, including the United States and Canada, and the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, France, Germany, and other countries in Western Europe, as well as other regions including Australia, indicates that consent-based siting has emerged as a dominant theme. In addition to effective siting processes, key program needs identified in the literature include regulatory standards and performance context, as well as reliable technologies and engineered systems, such as for deep drilling and assured safe containment of these radioactive materials extending into the very long term. (authors)

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Documentation of Radioactive Waste Packages for Disposal in the Konrad Repository - 16253

For the Konrad repository, the plan approval procedure has been completed in 2002. In 2007 all complaints filed against the repository were dismissed, so that there is a legal and un-appealable license decision available. The waste acceptance requirements were revised taking into account additional requirements from the plan approval decision. Today, there are already several hundred waste packages produced that meet all requirements for final disposal in Konrad. The acquisition, verification and quality assurance of the data relevant for disposal is performed in parallel to the waste treatment and packaging. This constitutes the development of database applications, on the one hand to capture and handle specific data for the waste packages to another to manage the disposal procedures. The development of a database application for recording disposal-relevant data of waste packages has already been completed with regard to the radiological requirements. Additional aspects based on the requirements of the plan approval decision, e.g. water law relevant aspects, have to be taken into account. Thus, an upgrade relating to the recording of groundwater debilitating substances will be carried out in a second step, which is expected to be completed in 2016. In parallel, the development of a database application is carried out to coordinate the waste package deliveries to the repository and to document their disposal. (authors)

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Optimized Qualification of Legacy Waste for the Repository Konrad - 16629

The repository Konrad in Germany is planned for the acceptance of low level waste and intermediate level waste. The Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Karlsruhe (WAK GmbH) has the assignment to decommission and dispose of the nuclear facilities on the site of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The entire inventory of these installations as well as the existing waste materials stored in the interim storage of the HDB are planned to be sent to the repository Konrad and are therefore treated according to the respective acceptance criteria. These acceptance criteria were defined on the basis of safety considerations and first published as a draft in 1995. After full legal recognition in 2007 the acceptance criteria were revised in 2010 and 2014. All legacy waste treated prior to 1995 has to be re-qualified according to the current state of acceptance. The repository will not open for acceptance of waste materials until 2022. Up to now only a small amount of acceptable waste packages exist. Therefore WAK GmbH established a scheme to improve and accelerate the processes and to have 2 annual delivery capacities (5000 m{sup 3} in total) ready by the end of the decade. (authors)

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Can we use Pictograms in a Long Term Communication System Related to a Radioactive Waste Repository? - 18301

Pictograms are often mentioned as a possible tool for sending messages about radioactive waste repositories in a far future, when the understand ability of our languages will have been lost. But they have also limits, related to the use of conventions that may fade over time. The goals of a signaling system for the long term may be (1) to alert (raise attention), (2) to inform of an underlying danger due to the existence of radioactive wastes, (3) to induce a favorable behavior (provoke or deter actions) in order not to disturb the performance of the repository. The quest for trans-cultural and trans-generational performance requires that some universal semiotic features be identified, shared by human beings of various cultures nowadays, and from far in the past to the present. Considering the typology of colors in various languages, the use of colors in ancient rock art and in children's drawings, a dedicated role may be assigned to each of the three colors, white, black and red/ocher, with a high potential for sustainable meaning: 1) red background = pay attention to this object because of the simple presence of the red color, that is to say the first color felt as color; 2) white inscription = absence of the object / action represented; 3) black inscription = presence of the object / action represented. The representation of a human body in movement inside a context is also understandable by people from various cultures. The combination of these 'semiotic primitives', used as relevant semantic features of the object and/or the experience to be represented, and 'topo-sensitive' criteria, used for pictogram production processes, would thus become a way to conceive a trans-cultural and trans-generational sign system for the signaling of radioactive danger. The choice of the stone could guarantee the durability of the support; the color could guarantee its visibility; and both could guarantee the transmission of the message. Combining these criteria could open the way to a long term communication system about radioactive waste repositories. (authors)

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Qualification of Numerical and Semi-Analytical Modeling Codes for Thermal Design of HLW Repository - 18455

Disposal in a geological repository is a viable option for safely isolating high-level radioactive waste. Thermal processes induced by decay heat from the radioactive waste may impact the integrity of the engineered barrier system, and may lead to fluid flow and transport; and the associated migration of radionuclides. This study looks at an analysis of thermal conduction for the emplacement of high-level waste in a repository located in bedded salt. The simulations used analytical and numerical methods to study conductive heat transport in a repository. This study concentrated on heat flow in a central waste package with contributions from adjacent waste packages and drifts. Of particular importance to this work is comparison of predictions of peak temperature at the drift wall and at the waste package surface using different solution methods. Simulation results of analytical and numerical modeling methods are compared. The results show that predictions of the codes were comparable under identical initial and boundary conditions. (authors)

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Salt Reconsolidation and Repository Engineered Barriers - 18651

Salt repositories for the permanent disposal of hazardous waste provide extraordinary advantage over other geo-media because geotechnical barriers can be constructed with confidence using crushed salt, which is a perfectly compatible material that is readily available by mining practice. Other excellent barrier materials that consist of specialty mixes of salt-based concrete, bentonite, and bitumen bolster confidence that a repository in geologic salt formations will remain impermeable forever. Practically speaking, achieving high-performance engineered barriers assumes an isolation role as important as the host formation itself. Long-term performance assessment intrinsically includes evaluating seal-system design and demonstrated operational characteristics. Consistent with global interests, specific research on salt-repository seal systems not only established significant technical bases but identified possible improvements through straightforward research and laboratory and field investigations. Engineered barriers of crushed salt with possible additives, such as clay and water, evolve to create hydrological and mechanical characteristics that approach those of the host salt formation. Demonstrating early functionality of seal systems reduces uncertainty, which is introduced when calculating or predicting when performance properties become effective in the future. (authors)

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Deposition Behavior of Supersaturated Silicic Acid on the Surfaces of Chlorite and Sericite around Geological Repository - 20138

Around the repository for HLW underground, cementitious materials used for the repository may complicate the migration of radionuclides in the host rock by the alteration of groundwater to a high alkaline condition. Specially, the alkaline groundwater dissolves silicate minerals of host rocks but the plenty of silicic acid dissolved from host rocks in groundwater will become supersaturated and deposit on the surface of flow-paths after decreasing the pH value to about 8 with dispersion and dilution. The deposition of silicic acid is presumed to recover and improve the barrier performance of host rocks for the radionuclide migration because of the narrowing of flow paths and the decrease of the permeability. In this study, the deposition behavior of supersaturated silicic acid was examined by the deposition experiments and the deposition rate constants, k [m/s], were evaluated from the experimental data. As the minerals of the surface of flow-paths, this study focused on chlorite and sericite, hydrothermally-altered minerals distributed to fill fractures of granite. In the experiments, deposition behavior of silicic acid on the powder of chlorite or sericite was observed after the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8 in order to make the silicic acid supersaturated. The solution of CaCl{sub 2} and NaCl were added into a silicic acid to simulate Ca{sup 2+} from the cementitious materials of the repository, Na{sup +} of the saline groundwater in Japan. From the results, the value of k was estimated to be about the order of 10{sup -10}∼10{sup -9} m/s for both chlorite and sericite and the value was almost the same as those for amorphous silica in the previous study. Therefore, the deposition of silicic acid may be assessed by similar apparent deposition rate constants even in actual underground containing various silicate minerals. Moreover, the Damkoehler number which is the dimensionless number expressed by the ratio of characteristic time of mass transfer and chemical reaction was calculated to be 10{sup 4} or more from the value of k. This value shows that the deposition reaction of silicic acid was estimated as much more predominant than the groundwater flow under the situation simulated in this study. These results suggest that the deposition of supersaturated silicic acid on the flow paths composed with various silicate minerals will be able to retard the migration of radionuclides because of narrowing micro flow-paths. (authors)

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A Semantic Search Capability for a Grid Model Repository

The operation of electric grids is becoming more challenging due to continued increases in wind and solar generation, the proliferation of decentralization generation resources, and cyber security threats. To support the needed research, new large scale realistic public grid models have been developed and placed in a repository for access by researchers. To assist researchers in easily finding grid models that are suitable for their specific research needs, an approach to searching numerous large grid models was evaluated, prototyped and developed. Here, the research identified multiple possible approaches to using graph database techniques and a natural language processing for the search algorithm. Results of the prototype, the final approach for production repository and the search algorithm formulation are described.

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Mineral-specific heterogeneous neptunium sorption onto geological repository rocks in oxic and anoxic conditions and various temperatures

Neptunium poses challenges for radioactive wastes management due to its long half-life and ingrowth from americium decay, as well as its high mobility in water in its oxidized forms. Np(V)-bearing aqueous solutions were contacted with polished and crushed gneiss and dolerite from the Yeniseisky site, Russia, which is under consideration as a location for an underground repository, both in oxic and anoxic conditions at 20 and 90 °C. Neptunium sorption on crushed gneiss and dolerite in oxic conditions at 20 °C was quite low, but increased substantially in anoxic conditions. Autoradiography on samples treated at 20 °C revealed that sorbed Np was associated mostly with dark colored iron-bearing minerals, and solvent extraction indicated partial reduction of Np(V) to Np(IV). Sorption of Np from aqueous solutions contacted with dolerite and gneiss at 90 °C was in all cases higher than at the lower temperature. Autoradiography of polished rock samples treated in anoxic conditions at 90 °C revealed that Fe-bearing minerals had 3–4 orders of magnitude more Np sorbed on them than the quartz and feldspar grains. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated this sorbed Np was present as NpO 2 . This study supports the concept that the geologic conditions present at the planned repository site will retard Np migration.

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Reduced-order modeling of near-field THMC coupled processes for nuclear waste repositories in shale

Performance assessment (PA) of geologic radioactive waste repositories requires three-dimensional simulation of highly nonlinear, thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC), multiphase flow and transport processes across many kilometers and over tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Integrating the effects of a near-field geomechanical process (i.e. buffer swelling) into coupled THC simulations through reduced-order modeling, rather than through fully coupled geomechanics, can reduce the dimensionality of the problem and improve computational efficiency. In this study, PFLOTRAN simulations model a single waste package in a shale host rock repository, where re-saturation of a bentonite buffer causes the buffer to swell and exert stress on a highly fractured disturbed rock zone (DRZ). Three types of stress-dependent permeability functions (exponential, modified cubic, and Two-part Hooke’s law models) are implemented to describe mechanical characteristics of the system. Overall, our modeling study suggests that compressing fractures reduces DRZ permeability, which could influence the rate of radionuclide transport and exchange with corrosive species in host rock groundwater that could accelerate waste package degradation. Less permeable shale host rock delays buffer swelling, consequently retarding DRZ permeability reduction as well as chemical transport within the barrier system.

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Machine Learning Surrogates of a Fuel Matrix Degradation Process Model for Performance Assessment of a Nuclear Waste Repository

Spent nuclear fuel repository simulations are currently not able to incorporate detailed fuel matrix degradation (FMD) process models due to their computational cost, especially when large numbers of waste packages breach. The current paper uses machine learning to develop artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor regression surrogate models that approximate the detailed FMD process model while being computationally much faster to evaluate. Further, using fuel cask temperature, dose rate, and the environmental concentrations of CO 3 2- , O 2 , Fe 2+ , and H 2 as inputs, these surrogates show good agreement with the FMD process model predictions of the UO 2 degradation rate for conditions within the range of the training data. A demonstration in a full-scale shale repository reference case simulation shows that the incorporation of the surrogate models captures local and temporal environmental effects on fuel degradation rates while retaining good computational efficiency.

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Science and Engineering Team Repository Selection and Validation

The National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence (NSDD), Science and Engineering Team (SET) has engaged Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in the selection, development and management of a knowledge management platform. This platform will serve as a repository for programmatic documents, data, and other relevant files. In support of this effort, BNL implemented a sixteen-month process to ensure the selection of the most relevant and user-friendly repository from among several commercially available and open source options.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

SatCORPS Hybridized Cloud Product Data Storage: The Design of a Hybrid Data Repository That Leverages the Strengths of the Cloud and the Data Center

There is a strong demand for the near real time NASA Langley Satellite ClOud and Radiation Property retrieval System (SatCORPS) products. As important as real-time information, archived copies of the products form the basis for targeted research focusing on specific events or conditions. To make these SatCORPS products available for downloading, the SatCORPS group has developed a number of tools and technologies to create a hybrid data storage system that leverages the strengths of both cloud and on-premises resources. In this work, we describe the technologies the group uses to marshal disparate data repositories and materialize them into a single searchable overview and give a broad description of the organization of the dataset. As with any implementation, the strengths, weaknesses and constraints surrounding the components establish priorities and provide insight where trade-offs are necessary. We further describe the design and architecture underpinning our hybrid data repository and delivery system.

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