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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

High temperature stabilization of ultrafine grain tungsten alloys through synergistic compositional complexities

Thermally-stabilized fine-grained microstructures in tungsten provide a pathway to harnessing enhanced properties such as a reduced ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and improved strength while mitigating the adverse effects of grain growth and recrystallization. Here, in this study, we employ a material design strategy that relies on grain boundary segregation in the nanocrystalline state driven by alloy thermodynamics balanced with impurity scavenging through in situ formation of kinetically-stabilizing metal carbides. A W-Ti-Cr alloy is designed through lattice Monte Carlo methods and subsequently synthesized in a single-phase nanocrystalline state, which upon annealing, evolves into an ultrafine grained microstructure containing chromium grain boundary segregation collectively with a dispersed TiX (X=C,O) phase through the reaction of titanium with carbon and oxygen impurities. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments demonstrate that increased Ti promotes stabilization across a larger temperature range but with diminishing returns above 10 at.% Ti. Long-term stability was confirmed through the retention of the ultrafine grained microstructure for a total of 8 days (192 h) at 1300 °C without grain/carbide growth and/or recrystallization. Our results demonstrate that, through strategic tailoring of composition and microstructure, one can harness the benefits of both thermodynamic and kinetic stabilization mechanisms, opening pathways for future alloy formulations that expand the window of stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Recent Developments in the Curation of Cold, Volatile-Rich Extraterrestrial Samples

In recent years, the study of samples from cold, potentially volatile-rich Solar System bodies has increased dramatically. Returned samples from low- or cryogenic-temperature regions are highly sensitive to ambient temperatures, pressures, and materials. In order to maximize the scientific utility of such samples, they must be returned, handled, and stored under conditions that minimize sample alteration and contamination. The Johnson Space Center (JSC) Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office (hereafter called the Curation Office) is currently developing the ability to curate cold, volatile-rich samples; this abstract summarizes these efforts for Apollo lunar samples, organic-rich meteorites, comet samples, and lunar polar samples.

Mitchell, J. L.↗

Quantified uncertainty in thermodynamic modeling for materials design

Phase fractions, compositions and energies of the stable phases as a function of macroscopic composition, temperature, and pressure (X-T-P) are the principle correlations needed for the design of new materials and improvement of existing materials. They are the outcomes of thermodynamic modeling based on the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach. Here, the accuracy of CALPHAD predictions vary widely in X-T-P space due to experimental error, model inadequacy and unequal data coverage. In response, researchers have developed frameworks to quantify the uncertainty of thermodynamic property model parameters and propagate it to phase diagram predictions. In most previous studies, uncertainty was represented as intervals on phase boundaries (with respect to composition or temperature) and was unable to represent the uncertainty in invariant reactions or in the stability of phase regions. In this work, we propose a suite of tools that leverages samples from the multivariate model parameter distribution to represent uncertainty in forms that surpass previous limitations and are well suited to materials design. These representations include the distribution of phase diagrams and their features, as well as the dependence of phase stability and the distributions of phase fraction, composition, activity and Gibbs energy on X-T-P location - irrespective of the total number of components. Most critically, the new methodology allows the material designer to interrogate a certain composition and temperature domain and get in return the probability of different phases to be stable, which can positively impact materials design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Atom-to-continuum methods for gaining a fundamental understanding of fracture.

This report describes an Engineering Sciences Research Foundation (ESRF) project to characterize and understand fracture processes via molecular dynamics modeling and atom-to-continuum methods. Under this aegis we developed new theory and a number of novel techniques to describe the fracture process at the atomic scale. These developments ranged from a material-frame connection between molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics to an atomic level J integral. Each of the developments build upon each other and culminated in a cohesive zone model derived from atomic information and verified at the continuum scale. This report describes an Engineering Sciences Research Foundation (ESRF) project to characterize and understand fracture processes via molecular dynamics modeling and atom-to-continuum methods. The effort is predicated on the idea that processes and information at the atomic level are missing in engineering scale simulations of fracture, and, moreover, are necessary for these simulations to be predictive. In this project we developed considerable new theory and a number of novel techniques in order to describe the fracture process at the atomic scale. Chapter 2 gives a detailed account of the material-frame connection between molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics we constructed in order to best use atomic information from solid systems. With this framework, in Chapter 3, we were able to make a direct and elegant extension of the classical J down to simulations on the scale of nanometers with a discrete atomic lattice. The technique was applied to cracks and dislocations with equal success and displayed high fidelity with expectations from continuum theory. Then, as a prelude to extension of the atomic J to finite temperatures, we explored the quasi-harmonic models as efficient and accurate surrogates of atomic lattices undergoing thermo-elastic processes (Chapter 4). With this in hand, in Chapter 5 we provide evidence that, by using the appropriate energy potential, the atomic J integral we developed is calculable and accurate at finite/room temperatures. In Chapter 6, we return in part to the fundamental efforts to connect material behavior at the atomic scale to that of the continuum. In this chapter, we devise theory that predicts the onset of instability characteristic of fracture/failure via atomic simulation. In Chapters 7 and 8, we describe the culmination of the project in connecting atomic information to continuum modeling. In these chapters we show that cohesive zone models are: (a) derivable from molecular dynamics in a robust and systematic way, and (b) when used in the more efficient continuum-level finite element technique provide results that are comparable and well-correlated with the behavior at the atomic-scale. Moreover, we show that use of these same cohesive zone elements is feasible at scales very much larger than that of the lattice. Finally, in Chapter 9 we describe our work in developing the efficient non-reflecting boundary conditions necessary to perform transient fracture and shock simulation with molecular dynamics.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Towards a NEAMS-based high-fidelity model of the MARVEL reactor

This report outlines the progress of Idaho National Laboratory in developing a high-fidelity and high-resolution model of the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation reactor. The model was developed under the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation microreactor application driver at Idaho National Laboratory. The overarching objective of this activity is the development of a high-fidelity multiphysics MARVEL model using NEAMS tools, and to verify and validate NEAMS tools against MARVEL reference simulation and experimental data, respectively. This is a unique opportunity to conduct multiphysics analysis on a soon-to-be-deployed microreactor. This multiphysics model developed under the NEAMS-funded INL microreactor application driver leverages three single-physics models coupled via the MOOSE’s MultiApp and Transfer systems. The latter systems enable in-memory data transfer between MOOSE-based and MOOSE-wrapped applications. The first single-physics model, that functions as main application, leverages Griffin to model the neutron transport in the core through the discontinuous finite element (DFEM) discrete ordinates solver (SN). Several optimization flags that were developed by the Griffin developer team were beta-tested to enhance the solver’s performance. These include the combined use of using_average_xs and update_averaged_xs_on that enable to avoid expensive on-the-fly cross sections evaluations at each linear iterations in favor of evaluations of the macroscopic cross sections at each Picard iteration. The second single-physics model uses BISON to handle solid heat transfer and asymptotic hydrogen redistribution analysis in the fuel. While the model returns consistent results for the temperature and hydrogen distribution in the fuel, a mismatch was noticed in the calculated temperature in the reflector due to the value of the gap conductance used in our model. Ongoing investigations are being performed to assess the origin of this discrepancy. Finally, the System Analysis Module (SAM) was used to model the flow of the sodium-potassium eutectic in the primary loop. A first verification was also performed showing good agreement in terms of mass flow rate and inlet temperature. All mesh files were generated using the MOOSE Reactor module, removing the need for external meshing tools. Notably, this workscope represents one of the initial applications of the MOOSE Reactor module for modeling highly irregular geometries. The use of the reactor module significantly streamlined the mesh generation process. The full multiphysics mode, that combines all the single physics models, was leveraged to conduct initial steady-state multiphysics simulations to compute power, and temperature distribution in the reactor. Initial testing was performed for transient simulations as well. In this case, the new checkpoint restart capability for eigenvalue calculations was tested showing the capability for streamlined restart of transient calculations. Future work will focus on improving the fidelity of the model by performing comprehensive code-to-code comparisons. For instance, the full-core Griffin neutronics model will be benchmarked against MCNP reference results, that were provided by the MARVEL design team. Additionally, the SAM T/H model will be verified against reference RELAP-5 results for selected accident scenarios. Besides code-to-code verification exercises, the model fidelity will be improved by replacing the single-channel SAM model with a more complex SAM-Pronghorn coupled model, in which the sub-channel capability is deployed to obtain radial temperature resolution in the coolant. This model will be developed in synergy with the NEAMS thermal hydraulics team.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Short hyperdynamic profiles influence primate temperature regulation

Primates have been shown to be sensitive to hyperdynamic fields. That is, when exposed to + 2Gz, body temperature falls. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative sensitivity of these animals to short centrifugation profiles which mimic the gravitational envelope seen on the Space Shuttle during launch (8 minutes, 2.9 Gz max) and re-entry (19 min, 1.7 Gz max). Four loosely restrained squirrel monkeys, isolated from additional external stimuli, were exposed to these profiles. During launch simulation, the temperatures never fell markedly below control levels. However, subsequent to return to 1G, the recovery phase showed decreases in body temperature in all four animals averaging 0.4 C over the next 10 to 15 minutes. The two animals exposed to the reentry profile showed decreases in body temperature within five minutes of the onset of centrifugation. Maximum fall in body temperature was reached by the end of the centrifugation phase and averaged 0.7 C. Thus, the temperature regulation system of this primate is sensitive to short hyperdynamic field exposures.

Fuller, C. A.↗

Marangoni instability induced convection in an evaporating liquid droplet

The processes occurring when a liquid drop undergoes evaporation are described. When a liquid drop undergoes evaporation, its surface temperature decreases. If the droplet is free floating in a microgravity environment, the heat transfer process inside the droplet is initially condition controlled. As the process continues, a radial temperature gradient builds up at the free surface until the critical Marangoni number is exceeded. Then the onset of instability induces thermocapillary convective flows, which in turn speed up the evaporation. The convective flows will subside when the interior of the droplet reaches a certain equilibrium temperature, and the process will return to the diffusion controlled mode. Both preliminary modeling and recent laboratory data have confirmed that Marangoni instability induced convection can and does occur in the droplet evaporation process. Mathematical models representing Marangoni instability in an evaporating liquid drop are presented. An ideal space experiment to study and characterize the onset of Marangoni instability in an evaporating liquid droplet and to establish the effect of Marangoni instability induced convection on the droplet evaporation rate is outlined and the need for conducting such experiments in space is highlighted. However, before an opportunity to conduct experiments in space arises, ground based experiments have to be conducted to study feasibility issues and proof of concept. A ground based experiment of this type is outlined.

Chai, An-Ti↗

Tectonic and climatic significance of a late Eocene low-relief, high-level geomorphic surface, Colorado

New paleobotanical data suggest that in the late Eocene the erosion surface which capped the Front Range, Colorado was 2.2-2.3 km in elevation, which is similar to the 2.5-km present elevation of surface remnants. This estimated elevation casts doubt on the conventional belief that the low-relief geomorphic surface was formed by lateral planation of streams to a base level not much higher than sea level and that the present deeply incised canyons must represent Neogene uplift of Colorado. Description of the surface, calculations of sediment volume, and isostatic balance and fluvial landsculpting models demonstrate that while the high elevation of the erosion surface was due to tectonic forces, its smoothness was mostly a result of climatic factors. A sediment balance calculated for the Front Range suggests that from 2 to 4 km of material were eroded by the late Eocene, consistent with fission track ages. This amount of erosion would remove a significant portionof the 7 km of Laramide upper crustal thickening. Isostatic modeling implies that the 2.2-3.3 km elevation was most likely created by lower crustal thickening during the Laramide. A numerical model of fluvial erosion and deposition suggests a way that a late Eocene surface could have formed at this high elevation without incision. A humid climate with a preponderance of small storm events will diffusively smooth topography and is a possible mechanism for formation oflow-relief, high-level surfaces. Paleoclimate models suggest a lack of large strom events in the late Eocene because of cool sea surface temperatures in the equatorial region. Return to a drier but stormier climate post-Eocene could have caused the incision of the surface by young canyons. By this interpretation, regional erosion surfaces may represent regional climatic rather than tectonic conditions.

Gregory, Kathryn M.↗

Implications of Cometary Water: Deep Impact, Stardust and Hayabusa

Three recent in situ spacecraft missions have explored comets or asteroids, producing data in conflict with the standard comet paradigm, the Whipple Dirty Snowball Model (DSM). We have developed an alternative Wet Comet Model (WCM) which proposes that comets undergo an irreversible phase change to a wet comet when they enter within Mars orbit. The WCM may explain some of the observational discrepancies seen by Deep Impact, Stardust and Hayabusa. In particular, it accurately predicted Deep Impact observation of organics, biominerals, and meltwater temperatures. Predictions concerning Stardust s returned cometary dust particles have yet to be falsified, but if comets are largely composed of the silicates seen by Stardust, there may be a cometary explanation for Itokawa s low density rubble-pile observed by Hayabusa.

Sheldon, Robert B.↗

The Phoenix TECP Relative Humidity Sensor: Revised Results

The original calibration function of the RH sensor on the Phoenix mission's Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Sensor (TECP), has been revised to correct the erroneously-published original calibration equation, to demonstrate the value of this unique data set, and to improve characterization of H2O exchange between the martian regolith and atmosphere. TECP returned two data streams, the temperature of the electronics analog board (Tb) and the digital 12-bit output of the RH sensor (DN), both of which are required to uniquely specify the H2O abundance. Because the original flight instrument calibration was performed against a pair of hygrometers that measured frost point (Tf), the revised calibration equation is also cast in terms of frost point. The choice of functional form for the calibration function is minimally constrained. A series of profiles across the calibration data cloud at constant DN and Tb does not reveal any evidence of a complex functional form. Therefore, a series of polynomials in both DN and Tb was investigated, along with several non-linear functions of DN and Tb.

Phoenix mission↗

Zero Boil-Off System Testing

Cryogenic propellants such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) are a part of NASA's future space exploration due to their high specific impulse for rocket motors of upper stages suitable for transporting 10s to 100s of metric tons of payload mass to destinations outside of low earth orbit and for their return. However, the low storage temperatures of LH2 and LO2 cause substantial boil-off losses for missions with durations greater than several months. These losses can be eliminated by incorporating high performance cryocooler technology to intercept heat load to the propellant tanks and modulating the cryocooler to control tank pressure. The active thermal control technology being developed by NASA is the reverse turbo-Brayton cycle cryocooler and its integration to the propellant tank through a distributed cooling tubing network coupled to the tank wall. This configuration was recently tested at NASA Glenn Research Center, in a vacuum chamber and cryoshroud that simulated the essential thermal aspects of low Earth orbit, its vacuum and temperature. Testing consisted of three passive tests with the active cryocooler system off, and 7 active tests, with the cryocooler powered up. The test matrix included zero boil-off tests performed at 90 full and 25 full, and several demonstrations at excess cooling capacity and reduced cooling capacity. From this, the tank pressure response with varied cryocooler power inputs was determined. This test series established that the active cooling system integrated with the propellant tank eliminated boil-off and robustly controlled tank pressure.

Plachta, David W.↗

Liquid Nitrogen Zero Boiloff Testing

Cryogenic propellants such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) are a part of NASAs future space exploration due to their high specific impulse for rocket motors of upper stages suitable for transporting 10s to 100s of metric tons of payload mass to destinations outside of low earth orbit and for their return. However, the low storage temperatures of LH2 and LO2 cause substantial boil-off losses for missions with durations greater than several months. These losses can be eliminated by incorporating high performance cryocooler technology to intercept heat load to the propellant tanks and modulating the cryocooler to control tank pressure. The active thermal control technology being developed by NASA is the reverse turbo-Brayton cycle cryocooler and its integration to the propellant tank through a distributed cooling tubing network coupled to the tank wall. This configuration was recently tested at NASA Glenn Research Center, in a vacuum chamber and cryo-shroud that simulated the essential thermal aspects of low Earth orbit, its vacuum and temperature. Testing consisted of three passive tests with the active cryo-cooler system off, and 7 active tests, with the cryocooler powered up. The test matrix included zero boil-off tests performed at 90 full and 25 full, and several demonstrations at excess cooling capacity and reduced cooling capacity. From this, the tank pressure response with varied cryocooler power inputs was determined. This test series established that the active cooling system integrated with the propellant tank eliminated boil-off and robustly controlled tank pressure.

Cryogenic fluid management↗

Development and Validation of The SMAP Enhanced Passive Soil Moisture Product

Since the beginning of its routine science operation in March 2015, the NASA SMAP observatory has been returning interference-mitigated brightness temperature observations at L-band (1.41 GHz) frequency from space. The resulting data enable frequent global mapping of soil moisture with a retrieval uncertainty below 0.040 cu m/cu m at a 36 km spatial scale. This paper describes the development and validation of an enhanced version of the current standard soil moisture product. Compared with the standard product that is posted on a 36 km grid, the new enhanced product is posted on a 9 km grid. Derived from the same time-ordered brightness temperature observations that feed the current standard passive soil moisture product, the enhanced passive soil moisture product leverages on the Backus-Gilbert optimal interpolation technique that more fully utilizes the additional information from the original radiometer observations to achieve global mapping of soil moisture with enhanced clarity. The resulting enhanced soil moisture product was assessed using long-term in situ soil moisture observations from core validation sites located in diverse biomes and was found to exhibit an average retrieval uncertainty below 0.040 cu m/cu m. As of December 2016, the enhanced soil moisture product has been made available to the public from the NASA Distributed Active Archive Center at the National Snow and Ice Data Center.

SMAP Enhanced↗

Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER)

VIPER is a lunar volatiles detection and measurement mission that will be launched as a payload on the CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) provided Astrobotic's Griffin lander to the lunar south polar region. VIPER includes a suite of rover-mounted instruments that will conduct science and map volatiles (especially hydrogen-bearing volatiles). The VIPER rover is also designed to excavate volatiles such as hydrogen, oxygen, and water from the Moon. After landing the VIPER rover will travel to investigate a range of Ice Stability Regions (ISRs) across scales from 100s of meters to kilometers and conduct surface and subsurface assessment of lunar water and other volatiles. The VIPER science mission team will use the instrument data to characterize the nature of the volatiles in the area and to extrapolate these data to create global lunar water resource maps. The expected lunar surface mission duration is up to four lunar days, with active surface operations during the periods when both Sun exposure and direct to Earth (DTE) communication conditions overlap. When comm and Sun are not both available, VIPER will go into ‘Safe Haven operations’ and maintain survival temperatures until Sun and comm return. The rover is controlled in near-real time and science decisions are made both tactically (short-term) and strategically (longer-term) to achieve the mission science success criteria and objectives.

Anthony Colaprete↗

Tunable Nanoscale Evolution and Topological Phase Transitions of a Polar Vortex Supercrystal

Here, understanding the phase transitions and domain evolutions of mesoscale topological structures in ferroic materials is critical to realizing their potential applications in next-generation high-performance storage devices. Here, the behaviors of a mesoscale supercrystal are studied with 3D nanoscale periodicity and rotational topology phases in a PbTiO 3 /SrTiO 3 (PTO/STO) superlattice under thermal and electrical stimuli using a combination of phase-field simulations and X-ray diffraction experiments. A phase diagram of temperature versus polar state is constructed, showing the formation of the supercrystal from a mixed vortex and α-twin state and a temperature-dependent erasing process of a supercrystal returning to a classical α-twin structure. Under an in-plane electric field bias at room temperature, the vortex topology of the supercrystal irreversibly transforms to a new type of stripe-like supercrystal. Under an out-of-plane electric field, the vortices inside the supercrystal undergo a topological phase transition to polar skyrmions. These results demonstrate the potential for the on-demand manipulation of polar topology and transformations in supercrystals using electric fields. The findings provide a theoretical understanding that may be utilized to guide the design and control of mesoscale polar structures and to explore novel polar structures in other systems and their topological nature.

P=phase-field simulations↗

Measuring Clouds With Microwaves and Infrared

Combination of microwave and infrared measurements from satellites yields data from which thicknesses and temperature of clouds inferred. Microwave radiation measured by satellite used to determine thickness of cloud and difference between cloud-top temperature and mean temperature of interior. Technique extends capability of previously established method in which infrared radiation returned to satellite by cloud used to determine temperature and altitude of cloud top and fractional area of Earth covered by cloud.

Pandey, P. C.↗

Exploring the planets with spacecraft - Accomplishments to date

A summary of knowledge gained about Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Mercury via spacecraft. Mariner and Venera probes returned data on Venus' size, atmospheric structure and composition, temperature profiles, and magnetic field. Knowledge of the clouds is still primitive. Mars and Mariner probes (especially Mariner 9) expanded knowledge of the Martian surface, atmospheric structure and dynamics, and magnetic field. Mars is now viewed as a very active planet, with the possibility of life not immediately ruled out. Pioneer 10 returned data on Jovian temperature profiles and magnetic field, Galilean satellite masses, and Io's atmosphere. Mariner 10 added to knowledge of Mercury's surface, magnetic field, atmosphere, and activity.

Rea, D. G.↗

Lessons Learned from Aerothermal Flight Data on NASA Mars Entry Vehicles

The NASA Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and Mars 2020 entry vehicles included temperature measurements inside and direct heat flux on the surface of the thermal protection system (TPS) material. The instrumentation was included to begin addressing predictive capabilities for aerodynamic heating and ablative TPS material response. The MSL aeroshell included temperature measurements at seven heatshield locations, from which total aerodynamic heating was reconstructed. The Mars 2020 instrumentation suite included eleven heatshield measurement locations and new backshell measurements at nine locations: six with temperature sensors, two with sensors to directly measure total heat flux, and one to measure radiative heat flux. Both instrumentation suites returned full sets of data, with all temperature sensors nearest to the surface surviving entry, indicating minimal material recession. Heatshield boundary layer transition (BLT) was observed for both vehicles prior to the time of peak heating, with transition starting near the shoulder and progressing towards the stagnation area. MSL’s higher speed on approach to Mars resulted in higher total heating compared to Mars 2020, with the maximum occurring near the heatshield’s leeside shoulder. The Mars 2020 backshell heating data indicate significant contributions from shock layer radiation. Heating from Navier-Stokes flowfield calculations are in family with reconstructed heating. The paper covers the instrumentation, BLT and reconstructed heating on both heatshields, backshell heating for Mars 2020, TPS performance, and predicted versus reconstructed heat fluxes. Opportunities for improved design approaches for future Mars missions are discussed, especially for the upcoming Mars Sample Return mission.

Mars Science Laboratory↗