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At least 181 records · Page 10

Aircraft aeroelasticity and structural dynamics research at the NASA Langley Research Center - Some illustrative results

Highlights of nine different research studies are described. Five of these topics relate directly to fixed-wing aircraft and range from flutter studies using relatively simple and inexpensive wind-tunnel models to buffet studies of the vertical tails of an advanced high-performance configuration. The other four topics relate directly to rotary-wing aircraft and range from studies of the performance and vibration characteristics of an advanced rotor design to optimization of airframe structures for vibration attenuation.

Doggett, Robert V., Jr.↗

Control law system for X-Wing aircraft

Control law system for the collective axis, as well as pitch and roll axes, of an X-Wing aircraft and for the pneumatic valving controlling circulation control blowing for the rotor. As to the collective axis, the system gives the pilot single-lever direct lift control and insures that maximum cyclic blowing control power is available in transition. Angle-of-attach de-coupling is provided in rotary wing flight, and mechanical collective is used to augment pneumatic roll control when appropriate. Automatic gain variations with airspeed and rotor speed are provided, so a unitary set of control laws works in all three X-Wing flight modes. As to pitch and roll axes, the system produces essentially the same aircraft response regardless of flight mode or condition. Undesirable cross-couplings are compensated for in a manner unnoticeable to the pilot without requiring pilot action, as flight mode or condition is changed. A hub moment feedback scheme is implemented, utilizing a P+I controller, significantly improving bandwidth. Limits protect aircraft structure from inadvertent damage. As to pneumatic valving, the system automatically provides the pressure required at each valve azimuth location, as dictated by collective, cyclic and higher harmonic blowing commands. Variations in the required control phase angle are automatically introduced, and variations in plenum pressure are compensated for. The required switching for leading, trailing and dual edge blowing is automated, using a simple table look-up procedure. Non-linearities due to valve characteristics of circulation control lift are linearized by map look-ups.

Lawrence, Thomas H.↗

Wireless Sensors Pinpoint Rotorcraft Troubles

Helicopters present many advantages over fixed-wing aircraft: they can take off from and land in tight spots, they can move in any direction with relative ease, and they can hover in one area for extended periods of time. But that maneuverability comes with costs. For example, one persistent issue in helicopter maintenance and operation is that their components are subject to high amounts of wear compared to fixed-wing aircraft. In particular, the rotor drive system that makes flight possible undergoes heavy vibration during routine performance, slowly degrading components in a way that can cause failures if left unmonitored. The level of attention required to ensure flight safety makes helicopters very expensive to maintain. As a part of NASA s Fundamental Aeronautics Program, the Subsonic Rotary Wing Project seeks to advance knowledge about and improve prediction capabilities for rotorcraft, with the aim of developing technology that will meet future civilian requirements like higher efficiency and lower noise flights. One of the program s goals is to improve technology to detect and assess the health of critical components in rotorcraft drive systems.

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Aircraft Ship Operations

The interest in the use of shipborne aircraft is widespread among NATO countries. Major weapons systems like aircraft carriers with conventional fixed-wing aircraft, VSTOL aircraft or helicopters embarked, are operated by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Spain. Nearly all NATO countries employ various classes of smaller ships as helicopter platforms for amphibious assault, anti-submarine warfare or search and rescue. The deployment of aircraft on board ships presents unusual and difficult technical and operational problems. Considering the multi-national interest in aircraft/ship operations it was considered meaningful and timely for the Flight Mechanics Panel to sponsor a symposium on this topic. This symposium considered problems of mutual interest connected with fixed and rotary wing aircraft operations from ships, and the application of new technology to enhance such operations. The Symposium reviewed and assessed the current problems and possible future progress in: - The ship environment in terms of wind, temperature, precipitation, turbulence and deck motion. - Guidance, Controls and Displays, primarily in the approach and landing phase. - Flight Test and Simulation Techniques. - Launch, Recovery and Handling Systems Developments. - Operational/Pilot Views. - Future Developments.

Aircraft carriers↗

Analysis of a fixed-pitch X-wing rotor employing lower surface blowing

Lower surface blowing (LSB) is investigated as an alternative to the variable blade pitch requirement for the X-wing Circulation Control (CC) rotor concept. Addition trailing edge blowing slots on the lower surfaces of CC airfoils provide a bidirectional lift capability that effectively doubles the control range. The operational requirements of this rotor system are detailed and compared to the projected performance attributes of LSB airfoils. Analysis shows that, aerodynamically, LSB supplies a fixed pitch rotor system with the equivalent lift efficiency and rotor control of present CC rotor designs that employ variable blade pitch. Aerodynamic demands of bidirectional lift production are predicted to be within the capabilities of current CC airfoil design methodology. Emphasis in this analysis is given to the high speed rotary wing flight regime unique to stoppable rotor aircraft. The impact of a fixed pitch restriction in hover and low speed flight is briefly discussed.

Schwartz, Alan W.↗

Influence of Initial Vorticity Distribution on Axisymmetric Vortex Breakdown and Reconnection

An analytical treatment has been developed to study some of the axisymmetric vortex breakdown and reconnection fluid dynamic processes underlying body-vortex interactions that are frequently manifested in rotorcraft and propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft wakes. In particular, the presence of negative vorticity in the inner core of a vortex filament (one example of which is examined in this paper) subsequent to "cutting" by a solid body has a profound influence on the vortex reconnection, leading to analog flow behavior similar to vortex breakdown phenomena described in the literature. Initial vorticity distributions (three specific examples which are examined) without an inner core of negative vorticity do not exhibit vortex breakdown and instead manifest diffusion-like properties while undergoing vortex reconnection. Though this work focuses on laminar vortical flow, this work is anticipated to provide valuable insight into rotary-wing aerodynamics as well as other types of vortical flow phenomena.

Young, Larry A.↗

Helicopter noise: Blade slap. Part 2: Experimental results

Blade slap encountered in rotary wings and its effect on helicopter performance are reported. The results of various individual flight tests are presented and, where possible, correlated with one another. Observations from the subjective evaluation of blade slap are included, together with a modified form of the blade slap factor (BSF) which can be used as a design criteria.

Leverton, J. W.↗

Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, 2nd, Palo Alto and Moffett Field, Calif., September 11-13, 1972, Informal Papers.

Limitations in the acquisition of nonlinear aerodynamic coefficients from free-oscillation data by means of the Chapman-Kirk technique, SAM-D control test vehicle trajectory plannning and flight test analysis, and determination of aerodynamic drag from radar data are among the topics covered in papers concerned with atmospheric flight mechanics. Other areas covered include fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, ordnance and reentry vehicles, and analysis and measurement techniques. Individual items are announced in this issue.

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Feasibility study of applying an advanced composite structure technique to the fabrication of helicopter rotor blades

The fabrication of helicopter rotary wings from composite materials is discussed. Two composite spar specimens consisting of compressively prestressed stainless steel liner over-wrapped with pretensioned fiberglass were constructed. High liner strength and toughness together with the prescribed prestresses and final sizing of the part are achieved by means of cryogenic stretch forming of the fiber wrapped composite spar at minus 320 F, followed by release of the forming pressure and warm up to room temperature. The prestresses are chosen to provide residual compression in the metal liner under operating loads.

Gleich, D.↗

Aircraft control system

An aircraft control system is described which is particularly suited to rotary wing aircraft. Longitudinal acceleration and course rate commands are derived from a manual control stick to control translational velocity of the aircraft along a flight path. In the collective channel the manual controls provide vertical velocity commands. In the yaw channel the manual controls provide sideslip or heading rate commands at high or low airspeeds, respectively. The control system permits pilots to fly along prescribed flight paths in a precise manner with relatively low work load.

Rempfer, P. S.↗

A summary of current research in rotor unsteady aerodynamics with emphasis on work at Langley Research Center

The basic unsteady aerodynamic environment of the rotary wing is summarized. Some of the observed trends in the state of the art are discussed. Some of the research needs that will require attention are reported. A review of a number of research investigations as a part of a joint NASA/Army rotorcraft project is presented. The research is directed toward achieving a better understanding of rotor unsteady airfoils. The investigations include: (1) rotor maneuver loads; (2) level flight and maneuver wake prediction; (3) tip-vortex flow; (4) blade-vortex interactions; (5) dynamic stall; (6) transient Mach number air loads; and (7) development of variable geometry rotors.

Ward, J. F.↗

The effect of aerodynamic parameters on power output of windmills

Aerodynamic results for a study on windpower generation are reported. Windmill power output is presented in terms that are commonly used in rotary wing analysis, namely, power output as a function of drag developed by the windmill. Effect of tip speed ratio, solidity, twist, wind angle, blade setting and airfoil characteristics are given.

Wiesner, W.↗

Rotorcraft dynamics

The dynamic structural analysis of rotary winged aircraft is reported, considering helicopter vibration and loads.

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